Outline post-hepatic causes of hyperbilirubinemia.

1. Biliary obstruction: This can occur due to gallstones, tumors, strictures, or inflammation in the bile ducts, leading to impaired flow of bile and accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.

2. Cholestasis: This condition occurs when there is a disruption in the normal flow of bile from the liver to the intestine, leading to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. Causes of cholestasis include liver diseases, medication side effects, and genetic disorders.

3. Liver diseases: Conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer can impair the liver's ability to process bilirubin, leading to its accumulation in the blood.

4. Infections: Certain infections, such as viral hepatitis or parasitic infections, can cause inflammation and damage to the liver, leading to hyperbilirubinemia.

5. Drugs and toxins: Some medications, such as acetaminophen, can cause liver damage and lead to hyperbilirubinemia. Exposure to certain toxins, such as alcohol or industrial chemicals, can also impair liver function and cause elevated bilirubin levels.

6. Hemolytic anemia: In this condition, there is an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. This can be caused by genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, or certain infections.

Post-Hepatic Causes of Hyperbilirubinemia

1. Hemolytic Disorders
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Sickle cell anemia
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Transfusion reactions
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

2. Biliary Obstruction
- Choledocholithiasis
- Choledochal cyst
- Ampullary carcinoma
- Pancreatitis
- Primary biliary cholangitis
- Sclerosing cholangitis
- Caroli's disease

3. Extrinsic Compression of Bile Ducts
- Liver metastasis
- Lymphoma
- Pancreatic carcinoma
- Periampullary carcinoma

4. Perinatal Conditions
- Neonatal jaundice
- Biliary atresia
- Choledochal cyst
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn