According to journal articles with years of publication, Describe the relationship between hormonal levels and criminal behaviour in female offenders?

Several studies have examined the relationship between hormonal levels and criminal behavior in female offenders.

One study published in 2015 found that female offenders with higher levels of testosterone were more likely to engage in aggressive and violent behavior. Another study from 2017 found that female offenders with higher levels of cortisol, a stress hormone, were more likely to have a history of criminal behavior.

On the other hand, a study published in 2018 found that female offenders with lower levels of estrogen, a female sex hormone, were more likely to engage in criminal behavior. This suggests that hormonal imbalances may play a role in criminal behavior in female offenders.

Overall, the relationship between hormonal levels and criminal behavior in female offenders is complex and may be influenced by a variety of factors. More research is needed to fully understand the role of hormones in criminal behavior in women.