What are examples of hormonal contraceptives for women with special health conditions and their pharmacological effects?

1. Progestin-only contraceptives (such as the mini-pill): These contraceptives are suitable for women with a history of blood clots or those who are breastfeeding. They work by thickening cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to reach the egg.

2. Combined oral contraceptives with low estrogen content: These contraceptives are suitable for women with a history of migraines with aura or those at risk of developing blood clots. They work by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus.

3. Progestin-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs): These contraceptives are suitable for women with heavy menstrual bleeding or those at risk of developing blood clots. They work by thickening cervical mucus and thinning the lining of the uterus, making it difficult for sperm to reach the egg.

4. Progestin implants (such as Nexplanon): These contraceptives are suitable for women with a history of blood clots or those who cannot take estrogen. They work by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus.

5. Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate): This injectable contraceptive is suitable for women with sickle cell disease or those at risk of developing blood clots. It works by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus.