Anonymous
Dec 27, 2023
Synthesis of haemoglobin???
Anathomy and physiology by Ross and Wilson
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Dec 27, 2023
Haemoglobin is a complex protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The synthesis of haemoglobin involves several steps:
1. Transcription: The gene encoding haemoglobin is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule in the nucleus of the red blood cell precursor, known as a reticulocyte.
2. mRNA processing: The mRNA molecule undergoes several modifications, including the addition of a protective cap at the 5' end and a poly-A tail at the 3' end. These modifications help stabilize the mRNA and facilitate its transport to the cytoplasm.
3. Translation: The processed mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm, where it binds to ribosomes. Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and synthesize a chain of amino acids, known as a polypeptide chain, based on the genetic code.
4. Polypeptide chain folding: The newly synthesized polypeptide chain undergoes a series of folding and post-translational modifications to form the globin subunits of haemoglobin. In humans, haemoglobin consists of four globin subunits: two alpha chains and two beta chains.
5. Iron incorporation: Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, as it binds to a porphyrin ring structure called heme. Iron is transported into the red blood cell precursor through a protein called transferrin. Once inside the cell, iron is incorporated into the heme molecule.
6. Heme and globin assembly: The heme molecules bind to the globin subunits, forming the haemoglobin tetramer. This assembly process occurs in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of the red blood cell precursor.
7. Maturation and release: The haemoglobin tetramers are packaged into vesicles and transported to the cell membrane, where they are released into the bloodstream. The reticulocyte then matures into a fully functional red blood cell.
Overall, the synthesis of haemoglobin involves the transcription and translation of the haemoglobin gene, the folding and assembly of globin subunits, the incorporation of iron into heme, and the final maturation and release of functional haemoglobin molecules.
1. Transcription: The gene encoding haemoglobin is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule in the nucleus of the red blood cell precursor, known as a reticulocyte.
2. mRNA processing: The mRNA molecule undergoes several modifications, including the addition of a protective cap at the 5' end and a poly-A tail at the 3' end. These modifications help stabilize the mRNA and facilitate its transport to the cytoplasm.
3. Translation: The processed mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm, where it binds to ribosomes. Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and synthesize a chain of amino acids, known as a polypeptide chain, based on the genetic code.
4. Polypeptide chain folding: The newly synthesized polypeptide chain undergoes a series of folding and post-translational modifications to form the globin subunits of haemoglobin. In humans, haemoglobin consists of four globin subunits: two alpha chains and two beta chains.
5. Iron incorporation: Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, as it binds to a porphyrin ring structure called heme. Iron is transported into the red blood cell precursor through a protein called transferrin. Once inside the cell, iron is incorporated into the heme molecule.
6. Heme and globin assembly: The heme molecules bind to the globin subunits, forming the haemoglobin tetramer. This assembly process occurs in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of the red blood cell precursor.
7. Maturation and release: The haemoglobin tetramers are packaged into vesicles and transported to the cell membrane, where they are released into the bloodstream. The reticulocyte then matures into a fully functional red blood cell.
Overall, the synthesis of haemoglobin involves the transcription and translation of the haemoglobin gene, the folding and assembly of globin subunits, the incorporation of iron into heme, and the final maturation and release of functional haemoglobin molecules.
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Artwell Takaendesa
Mar 25
What is bible synthesis
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