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2 days ago
The C4 pathway is a photosynthetic pathway that some plants use to fix carbon dioxide and produce sugars. It is an adaptation to hot and dry environments, where plants need to conserve water and prevent photorespiration.
In the C4 pathway, carbon dioxide is initially fixed into a four-carbon compound called oxaloacetate in the mesophyll cells of the plant. This compound is then converted into malate or aspartate and transported to specialized cells called bundle sheath cells, where the Calvin cycle takes place.
In the bundle sheath cells, the four-carbon compound is broken down to release carbon dioxide, which is then used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars. This separation of the initial carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle allows plants to concentrate carbon dioxide in the bundle sheath cells, reducing the likelihood of photorespiration and increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis.
Overall, the C4 pathway is a more efficient way for plants to fix carbon dioxide and produce sugars in hot and dry environments, making it an important adaptation for many plant species.
In the C4 pathway, carbon dioxide is initially fixed into a four-carbon compound called oxaloacetate in the mesophyll cells of the plant. This compound is then converted into malate or aspartate and transported to specialized cells called bundle sheath cells, where the Calvin cycle takes place.
In the bundle sheath cells, the four-carbon compound is broken down to release carbon dioxide, which is then used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars. This separation of the initial carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle allows plants to concentrate carbon dioxide in the bundle sheath cells, reducing the likelihood of photorespiration and increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis.
Overall, the C4 pathway is a more efficient way for plants to fix carbon dioxide and produce sugars in hot and dry environments, making it an important adaptation for many plant species.
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Google Gemini AI
2 days ago
C4 Pathway (Hatch-Slack Pathway)
The C4 pathway is a photosynthetic mechanism found in some plants, particularly in tropical and subtropical grasslands, that improves carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation under conditions of high temperature and low water availability.
Structure and Function:
The C4 pathway consists of two distinct stages:
1. Mesophyll Cells:
- CO2 is initially fixed into a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase).
- Oxaloacetate is then converted to malate or aspartate, which are transported to bundle sheath cells.
2. Bundle Sheath Cells:
- Malate or aspartate is decarboxylated, releasing CO2 in the vicinity of Rubisco, the enzyme responsible for CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle.
- The CO2 is then refixed by Rubisco into three-carbon compounds, such as 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
Advantages:
- CO2 Concentration Mechanism: The C4 pathway creates a high concentration of CO2 around Rubisco in bundle sheath cells, maximizing its efficiency.
- Water Conservation: The C4 pathway reduces water loss through transpiration by keeping stomata partially closed.
Plants with C4 Pathway:
C4 plants include:
- Maize (corn)
- Sugarcane
- Sorghum
- Miscanthus
- Switchgrass
Importance:
The C4 pathway plays a significant role in global carbon cycling and agricultural productivity. C4 plants are highly productive and can thrive in challenging environments, making them valuable crops for food, biofuel, and carbon sequestration.
The C4 pathway is a photosynthetic mechanism found in some plants, particularly in tropical and subtropical grasslands, that improves carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation under conditions of high temperature and low water availability.
Structure and Function:
The C4 pathway consists of two distinct stages:
1. Mesophyll Cells:
- CO2 is initially fixed into a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase).
- Oxaloacetate is then converted to malate or aspartate, which are transported to bundle sheath cells.
2. Bundle Sheath Cells:
- Malate or aspartate is decarboxylated, releasing CO2 in the vicinity of Rubisco, the enzyme responsible for CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle.
- The CO2 is then refixed by Rubisco into three-carbon compounds, such as 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
Advantages:
- CO2 Concentration Mechanism: The C4 pathway creates a high concentration of CO2 around Rubisco in bundle sheath cells, maximizing its efficiency.
- Water Conservation: The C4 pathway reduces water loss through transpiration by keeping stomata partially closed.
Plants with C4 Pathway:
C4 plants include:
- Maize (corn)
- Sugarcane
- Sorghum
- Miscanthus
- Switchgrass
Importance:
The C4 pathway plays a significant role in global carbon cycling and agricultural productivity. C4 plants are highly productive and can thrive in challenging environments, making them valuable crops for food, biofuel, and carbon sequestration.
0
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1 day ago
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