Saphia Mijinga
more than 3 weeks ago
Management function theories
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ChatGPT
more than 3 weeks ago
1. Planning: This theory focuses on the importance of setting goals and objectives, developing strategies to achieve them, and creating plans to guide organizational activities. It emphasizes the need for managers to anticipate future challenges and opportunities and to make informed decisions about how to achieve organizational goals.
2. Organizing: This theory emphasizes the importance of organizing resources, such as people, materials, and technology, in a way that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness. It highlights the need for managers to create clear roles and responsibilities, establish reporting relationships, and coordinate activities to ensure that organizational goals are met.
3. Leading: This theory focuses on the role of managers in inspiring, motivating, and guiding employees to achieve organizational goals. It emphasizes the importance of communication, decision-making, and conflict resolution skills in building strong relationships with employees and fostering a positive work environment.
4. Controlling: This theory emphasizes the importance of monitoring and evaluating organizational performance to ensure that goals are being met and that corrective action is taken when necessary. It highlights the need for managers to establish performance standards, measure progress against those standards, and take steps to address any deviations from the plan.
5. Decision-making: This theory focuses on the process of making choices among alternative courses of action. It emphasizes the importance of gathering information, analyzing data, and considering the potential outcomes of different decisions before selecting the best course of action. It also highlights the need for managers to be able to make decisions quickly and effectively in order to respond to changing circumstances.
2. Organizing: This theory emphasizes the importance of organizing resources, such as people, materials, and technology, in a way that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness. It highlights the need for managers to create clear roles and responsibilities, establish reporting relationships, and coordinate activities to ensure that organizational goals are met.
3. Leading: This theory focuses on the role of managers in inspiring, motivating, and guiding employees to achieve organizational goals. It emphasizes the importance of communication, decision-making, and conflict resolution skills in building strong relationships with employees and fostering a positive work environment.
4. Controlling: This theory emphasizes the importance of monitoring and evaluating organizational performance to ensure that goals are being met and that corrective action is taken when necessary. It highlights the need for managers to establish performance standards, measure progress against those standards, and take steps to address any deviations from the plan.
5. Decision-making: This theory focuses on the process of making choices among alternative courses of action. It emphasizes the importance of gathering information, analyzing data, and considering the potential outcomes of different decisions before selecting the best course of action. It also highlights the need for managers to be able to make decisions quickly and effectively in order to respond to changing circumstances.
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Google Gemini AI
more than 3 weeks ago
1. Henri Fayol's Principles of Management (1916)
- 14 Principles of Management: Unity of command, authority and responsibility, division of labor, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the general interest, esprit de corps, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, fair remuneration, centralization, authority and responsibility.
- 5 Functions of Management: Planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling.
2. Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management Theory (1911)
- 4 Principles of Scientific Management: Replace rule of thumb with science, train workers scientifically, cooperate with workers to ensure fair work, divide work almost equally between managers and workers.
- Emphasis on: Efficiency, time and motion studies, standardization of work, worker selection and training.
3. Max Weber's Bureaucracy Theory (1922)
- Characteristics of Bureaucracy: Hierarchical structure, division of labor, formal rules and procedures, impersonality, merit-based promotion.
- Advantages: Efficiency, clarity, accountability, consistency.
4. Chester Barnard's Acceptance Theory of Authority (1938)
- Authority is not only granted but also accepted by subordinates.
- Conditions for Acceptance of Authority: Understanding the purpose of the order, belief that it is consistent with one's objectives, ability to comply, belief that it is fair.
5. Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y (1960)
- Theory X: Assumes workers are lazy, dislike work, and need to be controlled.
- Theory Y: Assumes workers are self-motivated, enjoy work, and can be trusted with responsibility.
6. William Ouchi's Theory Z (1981)
- Characteristics of Japanese Management: Long-term employment, collective decision-making, individual responsibility, slow evaluation and promotion, holistic approach to workers.
- Key Principles: Trust, involvement, commitment, consensus.
7. Peter Drucker's Five Functions of Management (1998)
- Functions: Planning, organizing, motivating and communicating, measuring, developing people.
- Emphasis: Achieving desired results effectively and efficiently.
8. Henry Mintzberg's Managerial Roles Theory (1973)
- 10 Managerial Roles: Figurehead, leader, liaison, monitor, disseminator, spokesperson, entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator.
- Categorization: Interpersonal roles, informational roles, decisional roles.
9. Robert Katz's Skills Model (1955)
- Three Essential Skills for Managers: Technical skills, human skills, conceptual skills.
- Importance: Managers need a combination of all three skills to be successful.
10. Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory (1964)
- Motivation is influenced by three factors: Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
- Expectancy: Belief that effort will lead to performance.
- Instrumentality: Belief that performance will lead to rewards.
- Valence: Value of the rewards to the individual.
- 14 Principles of Management: Unity of command, authority and responsibility, division of labor, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the general interest, esprit de corps, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, fair remuneration, centralization, authority and responsibility.
- 5 Functions of Management: Planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling.
2. Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management Theory (1911)
- 4 Principles of Scientific Management: Replace rule of thumb with science, train workers scientifically, cooperate with workers to ensure fair work, divide work almost equally between managers and workers.
- Emphasis on: Efficiency, time and motion studies, standardization of work, worker selection and training.
3. Max Weber's Bureaucracy Theory (1922)
- Characteristics of Bureaucracy: Hierarchical structure, division of labor, formal rules and procedures, impersonality, merit-based promotion.
- Advantages: Efficiency, clarity, accountability, consistency.
4. Chester Barnard's Acceptance Theory of Authority (1938)
- Authority is not only granted but also accepted by subordinates.
- Conditions for Acceptance of Authority: Understanding the purpose of the order, belief that it is consistent with one's objectives, ability to comply, belief that it is fair.
5. Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y (1960)
- Theory X: Assumes workers are lazy, dislike work, and need to be controlled.
- Theory Y: Assumes workers are self-motivated, enjoy work, and can be trusted with responsibility.
6. William Ouchi's Theory Z (1981)
- Characteristics of Japanese Management: Long-term employment, collective decision-making, individual responsibility, slow evaluation and promotion, holistic approach to workers.
- Key Principles: Trust, involvement, commitment, consensus.
7. Peter Drucker's Five Functions of Management (1998)
- Functions: Planning, organizing, motivating and communicating, measuring, developing people.
- Emphasis: Achieving desired results effectively and efficiently.
8. Henry Mintzberg's Managerial Roles Theory (1973)
- 10 Managerial Roles: Figurehead, leader, liaison, monitor, disseminator, spokesperson, entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator.
- Categorization: Interpersonal roles, informational roles, decisional roles.
9. Robert Katz's Skills Model (1955)
- Three Essential Skills for Managers: Technical skills, human skills, conceptual skills.
- Importance: Managers need a combination of all three skills to be successful.
10. Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory (1964)
- Motivation is influenced by three factors: Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
- Expectancy: Belief that effort will lead to performance.
- Instrumentality: Belief that performance will lead to rewards.
- Valence: Value of the rewards to the individual.
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