Forces that lead to the formation of Earth's features.

1. Tectonic forces: The movement of Earth's tectonic plates can lead to the formation of various features such as mountains, valleys, and ocean basins. When plates collide, they can create mountain ranges through the process of folding and faulting. When plates move apart, they can create rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges.

2. Erosional forces: Erosion by water, wind, and ice can shape the Earth's surface over time. Rivers can carve out valleys and canyons, while glaciers can create U-shaped valleys and moraines. Wind erosion can create sand dunes and rock formations, while coastal erosion can shape cliffs and beaches.

3. Volcanic forces: Volcanic activity can lead to the formation of features such as volcanoes, lava flows, and volcanic islands. When magma rises to the surface and erupts, it can create new landforms and alter existing ones. Volcanic eruptions can also deposit ash and lava that can build up over time to form new land.

4. Weathering forces: Weathering, the breakdown of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface, can also contribute to the formation of features. Physical weathering, such as freeze-thaw cycles and root growth, can break down rocks into smaller pieces. Chemical weathering, such as the reaction of minerals with water and air, can alter the composition of rocks and create new minerals.

5. Glacial forces: Glaciers are powerful agents of erosion and can shape the landscape in significant ways. As glaciers move, they can carve out valleys, create moraines, and deposit sediment in new locations. Glacial activity can also lead to the formation of features such as fjords, cirques, and drumlins.

Tectonic Forces:

- Plate Tectonics: The movement of Earth's tectonic plates creates mountains, rift valleys, and other surface features.
- Folding and Faulting: When rocks are compressed or stretched, they can fold or fault, creating ridges, valleys, and cliffs.
- Subduction: Oceanic plates dive beneath continental plates, forming trenches, volcanic arcs, and mountain ranges.

Erosional Forces:

- Water: Running water erodes the land, creating rivers, canyons, and waterfalls.
- Wind: Wind can transport and deposit sand and dust, creating sand dunes and loess deposits.
- Glaciers: Ice sheets and glaciers scour and deposit sediment, shaping landscapes and creating glacial valleys and moraines.

Volcanic Forces:

- Volcanic Eruptions: Lava flows and ash deposits can build mountains, create craters, and alter the surrounding landscape.
- Hydrothermal Vents: Hot springs and hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor release minerals that can build up to form chimneys and other structures.

Other Forces:

- Asteroid and Meteor Impacts: Impacts from celestial bodies can create craters, mountain ranges, and alter the earth's crust.
- Karst Topography: The dissolution of soluble rocks (e.g., limestone) by groundwater can create sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems.
- Gravity: Gravity pulls down on material, contributing to the formation of mountains and valleys.
- Biogenic Forces: Organisms can contribute to soil formation, alter the flow of water, and create or modify surface structures.