Explain three factors determining blood pressure.

1. Cardiac output: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in a minute. It is determined by the heart rate (number of heartbeats per minute) and stroke volume (amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat). An increase in cardiac output can lead to an increase in blood pressure, while a decrease in cardiac output can lead to a decrease in blood pressure.

2. Peripheral resistance: Peripheral resistance refers to the resistance that the blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. Factors that can affect peripheral resistance include the diameter of the blood vessels, the viscosity of the blood, and the length of the blood vessels. An increase in peripheral resistance can lead to an increase in blood pressure, while a decrease in peripheral resistance can lead to a decrease in blood pressure.

3. Blood volume: Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood in the body. Factors that can affect blood volume include hydration status, kidney function, and hormonal regulation. An increase in blood volume can lead to an increase in blood pressure, while a decrease in blood volume can lead to a decrease in blood pressure.

1. Cardiac output: The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. The higher the cardiac output, the higher the blood pressure.
2. Peripheral resistance: The resistance to blood flow in the arteries and arterioles. The higher the peripheral resistance, the higher the blood pressure.
3. Blood volume: The amount of blood in the body. The higher the blood volume, the higher the blood pressure.