Explain ergonomic factors that can cause these risks and hazards?

1. Poor posture: Sitting or standing in a position that puts strain on the muscles and joints can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. This can be caused by improper chair height, desk height, or monitor placement.

2. Repetitive movements: Performing the same motion over and over again can lead to repetitive strain injuries. This can be caused by tasks that require frequent typing, lifting, or reaching.

3. Awkward positioning: Working in awkward positions, such as bending or twisting, can put stress on the body and increase the risk of injury. This can be caused by tasks that require reaching overhead, working in tight spaces, or using equipment that is not properly designed.

4. Forceful exertions: Using excessive force to perform tasks, such as lifting heavy objects or pushing/pulling heavy equipment, can strain the muscles and joints and increase the risk of injury.

5. Vibration: Exposure to high levels of vibration, such as from operating power tools or machinery, can lead to hand-arm vibration syndrome and other musculoskeletal disorders.

6. Poor lighting: Inadequate lighting can cause eye strain and lead to headaches, fatigue, and decreased productivity. This can be caused by working in dimly lit areas or using screens that are too bright or too dim.

7. Noise: Exposure to high levels of noise in the workplace can lead to hearing loss, stress, and other health issues. This can be caused by loud machinery, equipment, or tools.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)

- Awkward postures: Prolonged static postures, excessive bending, twisting, or reaching can strain muscles and joints.
- Repetitive motions: Repeatedly performing the same tasks over long periods can lead to overuse injuries.
- Inadequate work surfaces: Desks, chairs, and other work surfaces that are too high, low, or poorly positioned can force the body into uncomfortable positions.
- Lack of movement: Sitting or standing in one place for extended periods can restrict blood flow and contribute to MSDs.
- Vibration: Exposure to excessive vibration can damage nerves and muscle tissues.

Eye Strain and Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)

- Poor lighting: Insufficient or excessive lighting can strain the eyes.
- Glare: Reflected light from computer screens or other surfaces can interfere with vision.
- Inadequate screen positioning: Screens that are too high, low, or too far away can cause neck pain and eye fatigue.
- Poor posture: Prolonged sitting or standing in an awkward posture can lead to eye strain and CVS.
- Extended computer use: Excessive screen time without breaks can put a strain on the eyes.

Neurological Hazards

- Electrical shocks: Poorly maintained electrical equipment or improper use can lead to electrical shocks.
- Radiation exposure: Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as from X-ray machines, can damage cells and increase the risk of cancer.
- Noise: Excessive noise levels can interfere with concentration, communication, and sleep.
- Heat and cold stress: Extreme temperatures can cause discomfort, dehydration, and other health problems.
- Chemical hazards: Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as solvents, can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory system.