Differentiate the following terms inflection and derivation, infixes and citcumfixes, morph and morpheme, root and stem , umlaut and ablaut?

Inflection and derivation:
- Inflection refers to the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, number, case, etc. without changing its basic meaning. For example, adding -s to the end of a noun to indicate plural.
- Derivation, on the other hand, involves creating a new word by adding affixes to a base word, changing its meaning or part of speech. For example, adding the prefix un- to the word happy to create unhappy.

Infixes and circumfixes:
- Infixes are affixes that are inserted within a word, rather than at the beginning or end. They are relatively rare in English but are more common in other languages. For example, the infix -um- in the word "fan-freaking-tastic."
- Circumfixes are affixes that are attached to both the beginning and end of a base word. They are also relatively rare in English. An example is the circumfix ge-...-t in German verbs like bekommen (to get).

Morph and morpheme:
- A morph is the smallest unit of meaning in a language that cannot be further divided. It is a physical realization of a morpheme.
- A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language that can stand alone or be combined with other morphemes to create words. It can be a whole word or a part of a word.

Root and stem:
- A root is the core part of a word that carries its primary meaning and cannot be further divided into smaller units. It is the base to which affixes can be added to create new words.
- A stem is a form to which affixes can be added to create new words. It may consist of just the root or the root plus other morphemes.

Umlaut and ablaut:
- Umlaut is a type of vowel mutation that occurs in some languages, where a vowel in a word is changed to another vowel to indicate a change in meaning or grammatical function. It is common in Germanic languages like German and Swedish.
- Ablaut is a type of vowel change that occurs within a word to indicate grammatical information such as tense, aspect, or mood. It is common in Indo-European languages like Latin and Greek.

Inflection vs. Derivation

- Inflection: Modifies a word's grammatical function (e.g., number, tense, case) without changing its lexical meaning. Examples: "run" vs. "runs" (tense), "cat" vs. "cats" (number)
- Derivation: Creates a new word with a different meaning from the original word. Examples: "happy" vs. "unhappy" (prefix), "chair" vs. "chairman" (suffix)

Infixes vs. Circumfixes

- Infix: A morpheme that is inserted into the middle of a word. Example: "un-cover-ed" (infix "-un-")
- Circumfix: A morpheme that wraps around a word. Example: "be-friend-ed" (circumfix "be- ... -ed")

Morph vs. Morpheme

- Morph: A concrete realization of a morpheme. Examples: "s" in "cats" (singular noun suffix); "-ed" in "un-cover-ed" (past tense suffix)
- Morpheme: An abstract linguistic unit that represents a specific meaning or grammatical function. Examples: singular noun suffix, past tense suffix

Root vs. Stem

- Root: The core meaning-bearing part of a word that cannot be further broken down into meaningful units. Example: "happy" in "unhappiness"
- Stem: A word or part of a word that can be modified by affixes. Example: "un-happy-ness" (includes the root "happy" and the derivational affix "-ness")

Umlaut vs. Ablaut

- Umlaut: A vowel change that occurs within a word, typically caused by an affix. Example: "foot" vs. "feet" (vowel change from /u/ to /i/)
- Ablaut: A vowel change that occurs between words that are related in meaning. Example: "sing" vs. "sang" vs. "sung" (vowel changes from /i/ to /a/ to /ʌ/)