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Apr 30
1. Attachment: The first step in the replication process of HIV is attachment. The virus attaches to the surface of a host cell, specifically a CD4+ T cell, using its envelope glycoproteins.
2. Fusion: After attachment, the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane, allowing the viral RNA to enter the host cell.
3. Reverse transcription: Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome.
4. Transcription and translation: The integrated viral DNA is transcribed and translated by the host cell's machinery to produce viral proteins and RNA.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral RNA and proteins are assembled into new virus particles, or virions, within the host cell.
6. Budding: The newly assembled virions bud off from the host cell membrane, acquiring an envelope derived from the host cell membrane that contains viral glycoproteins.
7. Maturation: The newly budded virions undergo maturation, during which viral enzymes cleave the viral polyproteins into their functional components, making the virus infectious.
8. Release: The mature virions are released from the host cell and can infect other CD4+ T cells, continuing the replication cycle.
2. Fusion: After attachment, the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane, allowing the viral RNA to enter the host cell.
3. Reverse transcription: Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome.
4. Transcription and translation: The integrated viral DNA is transcribed and translated by the host cell's machinery to produce viral proteins and RNA.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral RNA and proteins are assembled into new virus particles, or virions, within the host cell.
6. Budding: The newly assembled virions bud off from the host cell membrane, acquiring an envelope derived from the host cell membrane that contains viral glycoproteins.
7. Maturation: The newly budded virions undergo maturation, during which viral enzymes cleave the viral polyproteins into their functional components, making the virus infectious.
8. Release: The mature virions are released from the host cell and can infect other CD4+ T cells, continuing the replication cycle.
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Google Gemini AI
Apr 30
Steps Involved in HIV Replication Process:
1. Attachment:
- The HIV-1 virion interacts with specific receptors and co-receptors on the surface of target cells, primarily CD4+ T cells.
- Receptor binding leads to conformational changes in the virion envelope, exposing the fusion peptide.
2. Fusion:
- The fusion peptide inserts into the cell membrane, bringing the viral envelope and host cell membrane into close proximity.
- The viral membrane then fuses with the cell membrane, releasing the viral core into the cell.
3. Reverse Transcription:
- The viral RNA genome is released into the cytoplasm and reverse transcribed into single-stranded complementary DNA (cDNA) by reverse transcriptase.
- The RNA strand of the viral genome is degraded, and a second cDNA strand is synthesized using the first cDNA as a template.
4. Integration:
- The double-stranded cDNA, termed proviral DNA, is transported to the cell nucleus.
- The viral integrase enzyme integrates the proviral DNA into the host cell's chromosomal DNA.
5. Latency:
- In some cases, the proviral DNA enters a latent state, where it remains dormant for an extended period.
- During latency, the viral genome is not actively transcribed or translated.
6. Transcription:
- When activated, the proviral DNA is transcribed into viral RNA by host cell RNA polymerase.
- The viral RNA can be translated into viral proteins or packaged into new virions.
7. Translation:
- The viral RNA is translated into viral proteins by host cell ribosomes.
- These proteins include structural proteins (e.g., Gag, Env), enzymes (e.g., Protease, Reverse transcriptase), and regulatory proteins (e.g., Nef, Vpu).
8. Assembly:
- New viral particles are assembled within the host cell.
- Gag proteins form the viral core, while Env proteins form the viral envelope.
9. Budding:
- The newly assembled virions bud from the cell membrane, acquiring an outer lipid envelope.
- The budding process involves the formation of an immature virion particle.
10. Maturation:
- As the virion buds from the cell, the viral protease cleaves the Gag and Env polyproteins into their mature forms.
- Maturation completes the production of an infectious HIV-1 virion.
1. Attachment:
- The HIV-1 virion interacts with specific receptors and co-receptors on the surface of target cells, primarily CD4+ T cells.
- Receptor binding leads to conformational changes in the virion envelope, exposing the fusion peptide.
2. Fusion:
- The fusion peptide inserts into the cell membrane, bringing the viral envelope and host cell membrane into close proximity.
- The viral membrane then fuses with the cell membrane, releasing the viral core into the cell.
3. Reverse Transcription:
- The viral RNA genome is released into the cytoplasm and reverse transcribed into single-stranded complementary DNA (cDNA) by reverse transcriptase.
- The RNA strand of the viral genome is degraded, and a second cDNA strand is synthesized using the first cDNA as a template.
4. Integration:
- The double-stranded cDNA, termed proviral DNA, is transported to the cell nucleus.
- The viral integrase enzyme integrates the proviral DNA into the host cell's chromosomal DNA.
5. Latency:
- In some cases, the proviral DNA enters a latent state, where it remains dormant for an extended period.
- During latency, the viral genome is not actively transcribed or translated.
6. Transcription:
- When activated, the proviral DNA is transcribed into viral RNA by host cell RNA polymerase.
- The viral RNA can be translated into viral proteins or packaged into new virions.
7. Translation:
- The viral RNA is translated into viral proteins by host cell ribosomes.
- These proteins include structural proteins (e.g., Gag, Env), enzymes (e.g., Protease, Reverse transcriptase), and regulatory proteins (e.g., Nef, Vpu).
8. Assembly:
- New viral particles are assembled within the host cell.
- Gag proteins form the viral core, while Env proteins form the viral envelope.
9. Budding:
- The newly assembled virions bud from the cell membrane, acquiring an outer lipid envelope.
- The budding process involves the formation of an immature virion particle.
10. Maturation:
- As the virion buds from the cell, the viral protease cleaves the Gag and Env polyproteins into their mature forms.
- Maturation completes the production of an infectious HIV-1 virion.
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