Socioeconomic Factors:
- Income and wealth: Higher income and wealth are associated with better access to healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions, which can increase life expectancy.
- Education: Individuals with higher levels of education tend to make healthier choices, have better health literacy, and access better healthcare.
- Employment and working conditions: Secure employment, stable income, and safe working environments promote well-being and reduce health risks.
- Social support: Strong social connections and social networks buffer against stress, provide emotional support, and promote healthy behaviors.
Health Behaviors:
- Smoking: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death globally.
- Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake can damage the liver, heart, and brain, reducing life expectancy.
- Physical inactivity: Regular physical activity promotes overall health, reduces chronic disease risk, and improves longevity.
- Diet: A healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports optimal health and reduces the risk of chronic diseases.
Environmental Factors:
- Air pollution: Exposure to air pollution, particularly particulate matter and ozone, can increase respiratory and cardiovascular problems, shortening life expectancy.
- Water contamination: Access to clean drinking water is essential for health and the prevention of waterborne diseases.
- Extreme temperatures: Prolonged exposure to extreme heat or cold can cause heatstroke, hypothermia, and other health issues.
Genetic Factors:
- Telomere length: Telomeres are protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. Shorter telomeres have been linked to increased risk of chronic diseases and reduced life expectancy.
- Genetic predispositions: Certain genetic variations can increase the risk of developing health conditions that can shorten life expectancy, such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.
Healthcare System:
- Access to healthcare: Timely access to quality healthcare, including preventive care and treatment for chronic diseases, is crucial for improving health outcomes and life expectancy.
- Healthcare quality: The quality of healthcare services, including the availability of skilled healthcare professionals and appropriate treatments, influences patient outcomes.
Other Factors:
- Stress: Chronic stress can increase the risk of developing health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease.
- Trauma: Experiencing traumatic events, such as childhood abuse or combat, can have long-term negative health consequences.
- Discrimination: Discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors can lead to health disparities and reduced life expectancy.