Describe parathyroid hormones and disorders.

Parathyroid hormones are a group of hormones produced by the parathyroid glands, which are small glands located in the neck near the thyroid gland. The main hormone produced by the parathyroid glands is called parathyroid hormone (PTH).

PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. It helps to increase calcium levels in the blood by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing the absorption of calcium from the intestines, and reducing the excretion of calcium in the kidneys. PTH also helps to regulate phosphorus levels by increasing its excretion in the kidneys.

Disorders of the parathyroid glands can lead to abnormalities in calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. One common disorder is hyperparathyroidism, which occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH. This can result in high levels of calcium in the blood, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, and bone pain. Another disorder is hypoparathyroidism, which occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH. This can result in low levels of calcium in the blood, leading to symptoms such as muscle cramps, tingling in the hands and feet, and seizures.

Treatment for parathyroid disorders may involve medications to regulate hormone levels, surgery to remove abnormal parathyroid tissue, or dietary changes to help maintain proper calcium and phosphorus levels in the body.

Parathyroid Hormones (PTH)

Parathyroid hormones (PTH) are proteins secreted by the parathyroid glands, located near the thyroid gland. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body.

Functions of PTH:

- Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone, releasing calcium into the bloodstream
- Inhibits osteoblasts, which build new bone
- Increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
- Decreases phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys

Parathyroid Hormone Disorders

Hyperparathyroidism

- Occurs when the parathyroid glands produce excessive PTH
- Causes elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia)
- Common symptoms include bone pain, kidney stones, nausea, and confusion
- Can be caused by:
- Parathyroid tumors
- Chronic kidney failure
- Vitamin D deficiency

Hypoparathyroidism

- Occurs when the parathyroid glands produce insufficient PTH
- Causes low calcium levels in the blood (hypocalcemia)
- Common symptoms include muscle cramps, numbness, tingling, and seizures
- Can be caused by:
- Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands
- Autoimmune disorders
- Magnesium deficiency

Consequences of PTH Disorders

- Bone density loss (osteoporosis)
- Kidney damage
- Cardiovascular complications
- Neurological symptoms
- Increased risk of fractures

Treatment of PTH Disorders

- Hyperparathyroidism: Treatment options include medication, surgery, or watchful waiting.
- Hypoparathyroidism: Treatment involves calcium and vitamin D supplements, along with other measures to manage symptoms.

Monitoring and Prevention

- Regular blood tests can monitor calcium and PTH levels, allowing for early detection of disorders.
- Maintaining adequate calcium and vitamin D intake can help prevent hypoparathyroidism.