Describe the classification of hormones derived from amino acids.

Hormones derived from amino acids can be classified into three main categories:

1. Amines: These hormones are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Examples of amine hormones include epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). These hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and thyroid gland, and play a role in regulating metabolism, stress response, and other physiological functions.

2. Peptides and proteins: These hormones are derived from chains of amino acids. Peptide hormones are relatively small molecules, while protein hormones are larger and more complex. Examples of peptide and protein hormones include insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and oxytocin. These hormones are produced by various glands and organs in the body, and play a role in regulating growth, metabolism, and other physiological processes.

3. Tryptophan derivatives: These hormones are derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Examples of tryptophan-derived hormones include serotonin and melatonin. These hormones are produced by the pineal gland and other tissues in the body, and play a role in regulating mood, sleep-wake cycles, and other physiological functions.

Classification of Amino Acid-Derived Hormones

1. Catecholamines:

- Derived from tyrosine
- Include epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, and dopamine
- Act on sympathetic nervous system and mediate "fight or flight" response

2. Thyroid Hormones:

- Derived from tyrosine
- Include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
- Regulate metabolism, growth, and development

3. Melatonin:

- Derived from tryptophan
- Produced by pineal gland
- Regulates circadian rhythms (sleep-wake cycle)

4. Histamine:

- Derived from histidine
- Mediates inflammatory responses, gastric acid secretion, and neurotransmission

5. Serotonin:

- Derived from tryptophan
- Neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep

6. Indoleamines:

- Derived from tryptophan
- Include tryptamine and dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- Found in plants and animals, with psychoactive and hallucinogenic effects

7. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid):

- Derived from glutamic acid
- Neurotransmitter that inhibits neural activity and reduces anxiety

8. Glycine:

- Derived from glycine
- Neurotransmitter that inhibits spinal reflexes and modulates pain perception

9. Acetylcholine:

- Derived from choline
- Neurotransmitter that mediates neuromuscular junctions, autonomic nervous system, and cognitive functions