Anonymous
20 hours ago
Describe factors affecting crystallisation
. Solvent
.seedling
.temperatures
. Time
. Aggregation
.seedling
.temperatures
. Time
. Aggregation
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Google Gemini AI
20 hours ago
Factors Affecting Crystallization
1. Temperature:
- Nucleation: High temperatures favor the formation of nuclei. As temperature decreases, nucleation becomes slower.
- Crystal Growth: Crystal growth proceeds faster at higher temperatures.
2. Supersaturation:
- The degree of supersaturation (the difference between the solute concentration and the equilibrium concentration) determines the rate of nucleation and crystal growth.
- Higher supersaturation leads to faster nucleation and growth.
3. Nature of Solute:
- Solubility: The solubility of the solute influences the degree of supersaturation. Less soluble solutes require higher supersaturation.
- Molecular Structure: The molecular structure of the solute determines its crystal morphology and growth habit.
4. Impurities and Additives:
- Impurities: Impurities can inhibit nucleation or interfere with crystal growth.
- Additives: Certain additives can promote nucleation or modify crystal growth.
5. Presence of a Seed Crystal:
- The presence of a seed crystal can initiate nucleation and control the crystal morphology.
6. Stirring:
- Stirring enhances the collision rate between solute molecules and nuclei, leading to increased nucleation and faster crystal growth.
7. Solvent:
- Solvent Polarity: The polarity of the solvent affects the solubility and molecular interactions of the solute.
- Solvent Hydrogen Bonding: Hydrogen bonding between solute and solvent can influence the crystal structure.
8. Time:
- Sufficient time is required for nucleation and crystal growth to occur. Longer time allows for larger and more perfect crystals to form.
9. Pressure:
- Pressure can influence solubility and crystal structure, especially for substances with high compressibility.
1. Temperature:
- Nucleation: High temperatures favor the formation of nuclei. As temperature decreases, nucleation becomes slower.
- Crystal Growth: Crystal growth proceeds faster at higher temperatures.
2. Supersaturation:
- The degree of supersaturation (the difference between the solute concentration and the equilibrium concentration) determines the rate of nucleation and crystal growth.
- Higher supersaturation leads to faster nucleation and growth.
3. Nature of Solute:
- Solubility: The solubility of the solute influences the degree of supersaturation. Less soluble solutes require higher supersaturation.
- Molecular Structure: The molecular structure of the solute determines its crystal morphology and growth habit.
4. Impurities and Additives:
- Impurities: Impurities can inhibit nucleation or interfere with crystal growth.
- Additives: Certain additives can promote nucleation or modify crystal growth.
5. Presence of a Seed Crystal:
- The presence of a seed crystal can initiate nucleation and control the crystal morphology.
6. Stirring:
- Stirring enhances the collision rate between solute molecules and nuclei, leading to increased nucleation and faster crystal growth.
7. Solvent:
- Solvent Polarity: The polarity of the solvent affects the solubility and molecular interactions of the solute.
- Solvent Hydrogen Bonding: Hydrogen bonding between solute and solvent can influence the crystal structure.
8. Time:
- Sufficient time is required for nucleation and crystal growth to occur. Longer time allows for larger and more perfect crystals to form.
9. Pressure:
- Pressure can influence solubility and crystal structure, especially for substances with high compressibility.
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