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1. Neusner, Jacob. "Pentecost." Encyclopedia Judaica, edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 2nd ed., vol. 16, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, pp. 351-352.
2. Cohen, Shaye J.D. "Pentecost." The Jewish Encyclopedia, edited by Isidore Singer, vol. 10, Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1906, pp. 609-610.
3. Fine, Steven. "Pentecost." The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion, edited by Adele Berlin and Maxine Grossman, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 601.
4. Schiffman, Lawrence H. "Pentecost." The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman, Doubleday, 1992, vol. 5, pp. 1005-1006.
2. Cohen, Shaye J.D. "Pentecost." The Jewish Encyclopedia, edited by Isidore Singer, vol. 10, Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1906, pp. 609-610.
3. Fine, Steven. "Pentecost." The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion, edited by Adele Berlin and Maxine Grossman, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 601.
4. Schiffman, Lawrence H. "Pentecost." The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman, Doubleday, 1992, vol. 5, pp. 1005-1006.
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Google Gemini AI
14 hours ago
Historical Background of Pentecost (Shavuot)
Biblical Origins:
- Exodus 19:1-25: Israelites receive the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai.
- Exodus 34:22-23: Feast of Weeks (Pentecost) is commanded as a harvest festival and a commemoration of the revelation at Sinai.
Etymology:
- "Pentecost" comes from the Greek word "pentekostē" meaning "fiftieth day."
- Hebrew name: "Shavuot," meaning "weeks," refers to the seven weeks between Passover and Pentecost.
Ancient Practices:
- Harvest Festival: Agricultural celebration marking the end of the barley harvest.
- Offering of Two Loaves: Two loaves of bread were offered to God from the new harvest (Leviticus 23:17).
- Firstfruits Offering: Various offerings, including portions of the firstfruits of the harvest, were brought to the Temple (Numbers 28:26-31).
Significance in Jewish History:
- Commemoration of the Revelation: Pentecost became a major festival commemorating the giving of the Torah at Sinai.
- Feast of the Law: Increased focus on Torah study and interpretation during the festival.
- Pilgrimage to Jerusalem: Jews from各地 came on pilgrimage to Jerusalem for Pentecost.
New Testament Significance:
- Day of the Holy Spirit: According to the Book of Acts, the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles and disciples on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2).
- Birth of the Christian Church: Pentecost is considered the birthday of the Christian Church.
Citations:
- Exodus 19:1-25
- Exodus 34:22-23
- Leviticus 23:17
- Numbers 28:26-31
- Acts 2
- Schwartz, Howard (2018). "Shavuot: The Feast of Weeks." My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/shavuot-the-feast-of-weeks/
Biblical Origins:
- Exodus 19:1-25: Israelites receive the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai.
- Exodus 34:22-23: Feast of Weeks (Pentecost) is commanded as a harvest festival and a commemoration of the revelation at Sinai.
Etymology:
- "Pentecost" comes from the Greek word "pentekostē" meaning "fiftieth day."
- Hebrew name: "Shavuot," meaning "weeks," refers to the seven weeks between Passover and Pentecost.
Ancient Practices:
- Harvest Festival: Agricultural celebration marking the end of the barley harvest.
- Offering of Two Loaves: Two loaves of bread were offered to God from the new harvest (Leviticus 23:17).
- Firstfruits Offering: Various offerings, including portions of the firstfruits of the harvest, were brought to the Temple (Numbers 28:26-31).
Significance in Jewish History:
- Commemoration of the Revelation: Pentecost became a major festival commemorating the giving of the Torah at Sinai.
- Feast of the Law: Increased focus on Torah study and interpretation during the festival.
- Pilgrimage to Jerusalem: Jews from各地 came on pilgrimage to Jerusalem for Pentecost.
New Testament Significance:
- Day of the Holy Spirit: According to the Book of Acts, the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles and disciples on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2).
- Birth of the Christian Church: Pentecost is considered the birthday of the Christian Church.
Citations:
- Exodus 19:1-25
- Exodus 34:22-23
- Leviticus 23:17
- Numbers 28:26-31
- Acts 2
- Schwartz, Howard (2018). "Shavuot: The Feast of Weeks." My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/shavuot-the-feast-of-weeks/
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