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2 days ago
1. Ontological realism: Critical realism assumes that there is a reality independent of our perceptions and beliefs. This reality exists whether we are aware of it or not.
2. Epistemic relativism: Critical realism acknowledges that our knowledge of reality is always partial and fallible. We can never have complete and perfect knowledge of the world.
3. Causality: Critical realism posits that there are causal mechanisms at work in the world that produce observable events and phenomena. These causal mechanisms may not always be immediately apparent or easily observable.
4. Emergence: Critical realism recognizes that complex phenomena can emerge from the interactions of simpler components. These emergent properties may not be reducible to the properties of the individual components.
5. Open systems: Critical realism views the world as a complex and dynamic system of interconnected elements. These elements are constantly interacting and influencing each other, leading to emergent properties and outcomes.
6. Historical specificity: Critical realism emphasizes the importance of historical context in shaping our understanding of reality. Events and phenomena are always situated within a specific historical and social context.
7. Social structures: Critical realism acknowledges the existence of social structures that shape and constrain human behavior. These structures are not fixed or immutable, but can change over time through human agency and social action.
2. Epistemic relativism: Critical realism acknowledges that our knowledge of reality is always partial and fallible. We can never have complete and perfect knowledge of the world.
3. Causality: Critical realism posits that there are causal mechanisms at work in the world that produce observable events and phenomena. These causal mechanisms may not always be immediately apparent or easily observable.
4. Emergence: Critical realism recognizes that complex phenomena can emerge from the interactions of simpler components. These emergent properties may not be reducible to the properties of the individual components.
5. Open systems: Critical realism views the world as a complex and dynamic system of interconnected elements. These elements are constantly interacting and influencing each other, leading to emergent properties and outcomes.
6. Historical specificity: Critical realism emphasizes the importance of historical context in shaping our understanding of reality. Events and phenomena are always situated within a specific historical and social context.
7. Social structures: Critical realism acknowledges the existence of social structures that shape and constrain human behavior. These structures are not fixed or immutable, but can change over time through human agency and social action.
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Google Gemini AI
2 days ago
Ontological Assumptions:
- Realism: There is an external world that exists independently of our perceptions.
- Stratification: Reality is composed of multiple levels or layers, including:
- The empirical level (observable phenomena)
- The actual level (hidden mechanisms and structures)
- The real level (the essence or underlying nature of things)
Epistemological Assumptions:
- Critical fallibilism: All knowledge is provisional and subject to revision.
- Dialectical reasoning: Understanding involves a process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
- Emergence: New phenomena and properties can emerge from interactions between lower-level entities.
- Retroduction: Inferences are made from limited observations to underlying causal mechanisms.
Methodological Assumptions:
- Multi-methodism: Different research methods and perspectives can provide complementary insights.
- Contextualism: The meaning and relevance of phenomena are shaped by their context.
- Transcendent realism: Researchers can transcend their own biases and context to gain a more objective understanding of reality.
- Emancipatory research: Research should aim to empower individuals and promote social justice.
Value Assumptions:
- Social transformation: Critical realism seeks to understand and change oppressive social structures.
- Human agency: Individuals have the capacity to shape their world.
- Social justice: Inequalities and power imbalances are unjust and should be challenged.
- Community engagement: Researchers should involve communities in the research process and share findings with them.
- Realism: There is an external world that exists independently of our perceptions.
- Stratification: Reality is composed of multiple levels or layers, including:
- The empirical level (observable phenomena)
- The actual level (hidden mechanisms and structures)
- The real level (the essence or underlying nature of things)
Epistemological Assumptions:
- Critical fallibilism: All knowledge is provisional and subject to revision.
- Dialectical reasoning: Understanding involves a process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
- Emergence: New phenomena and properties can emerge from interactions between lower-level entities.
- Retroduction: Inferences are made from limited observations to underlying causal mechanisms.
Methodological Assumptions:
- Multi-methodism: Different research methods and perspectives can provide complementary insights.
- Contextualism: The meaning and relevance of phenomena are shaped by their context.
- Transcendent realism: Researchers can transcend their own biases and context to gain a more objective understanding of reality.
- Emancipatory research: Research should aim to empower individuals and promote social justice.
Value Assumptions:
- Social transformation: Critical realism seeks to understand and change oppressive social structures.
- Human agency: Individuals have the capacity to shape their world.
- Social justice: Inequalities and power imbalances are unjust and should be challenged.
- Community engagement: Researchers should involve communities in the research process and share findings with them.
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Anastase Hagenimana
2 days ago
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