Write four indications of episiotomy, Caesarean section, dilatation and curettage?

Indications of episiotomy:
1. Fetal distress during labor
2. Prolonged second stage of labor
3. Instrumental delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction)
4. Maternal health conditions that may require a quicker delivery

Indications of Caesarean section:
1. Fetal distress
2. Failure to progress in labor
3. Placenta previa
4. Breech presentation

Indications of dilatation and curettage (D&C):
1. Incomplete miscarriage
2. Abnormal uterine bleeding
3. Endometrial biopsy for abnormal Pap smear results
4. Removal of retained products of conception after a miscarriage or abortion

Episiotomy

- Prolonged second stage of labor
- Large fetal head
- Rigid perineum
- Impending perineal laceration

Cesarean Section

- Breech presentation
- Transverse lie
- Placenta previa
- Abruptio placentae

Dilatation and Curettage (D&C)

- Incomplete abortion
- Missed abortion
- Excessive bleeding after abortion or childbirth
- Removal of retained placental tissue

Curettage

- Cervical biopsies
- Removal of endometrial polyps
- Treatment of uterine abnormalities