Describe four methods of sterilization.

1. Autoclaving: Autoclaving is a common method of sterilization that uses high pressure and steam to kill microorganisms. Items to be sterilized are placed in a chamber and exposed to steam at a temperature of 121-134 degrees Celsius for a specified amount of time. This method is effective for sterilizing heat-resistant materials such as glassware, metal instruments, and surgical equipment.

2. Chemical sterilization: Chemical sterilization involves the use of chemicals such as ethylene oxide gas or hydrogen peroxide to kill microorganisms on surfaces or equipment. Items are placed in a sealed chamber with the sterilizing agent, which penetrates the material and kills bacteria, viruses, and spores. This method is commonly used for heat-sensitive materials such as plastics, rubber, and electronics.

3. Radiation sterilization: Radiation sterilization uses ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays or electron beams, to kill microorganisms on surfaces or equipment. The radiation damages the DNA of the microorganisms, preventing them from reproducing. This method is often used for sterilizing medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and food products.

4. Filtration: Filtration is a method of sterilization that uses a porous membrane to physically remove microorganisms from liquids or gases. The membrane acts as a barrier, allowing only particles smaller than the pore size to pass through. This method is commonly used for sterilizing liquids such as vaccines, antibiotics, and intravenous fluids.

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