Write five applications of distillation process in pharmacy. Give an example for each application?

1. Purification of drugs: Distillation is used to purify drugs by separating them from impurities or byproducts. For example, ethanol can be distilled to obtain pure alcohol for use in pharmaceutical formulations.

2. Extraction of essential oils: Distillation is commonly used to extract essential oils from plants for use in pharmaceutical products. For example, steam distillation is used to extract lavender oil from lavender flowers.

3. Separation of solvents: Distillation is used to separate solvents from pharmaceutical products. For example, rotary evaporation is used to remove solvents from a drug formulation to obtain the final product.

4. Isolation of active ingredients: Distillation is used to isolate active ingredients from natural sources for use in pharmaceutical formulations. For example, fractional distillation is used to isolate menthol from peppermint oil for use in cough drops.

5. Production of sterile water: Distillation is used to produce sterile water for use in pharmaceutical products. For example, water distillation is used to produce purified water for injection in pharmaceutical formulations.

1. Purification of organic solvents
- Example: Purification of ethanol used in pharmaceutical preparations

2. Separation of volatile components
- Example: Separation of essential oils from plant material

3. Concentration of drug substances
- Example: Concentration of antibiotics in fermentation broths

4. Recovery of solvents
- Example: Recovery of organic solvents used in extraction processes

5. Sterilization of pharmaceutical solutions
- Example: Sterilization of eye drops by fractional distillation