paulo magali
3 hours ago
With examples give the concepts of the verb-internal subject ?
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ChatGPT
3 hours ago
1. Control verbs: In control constructions, the subject of the embedded clause is controlled by the subject of the main clause. For example, in the sentence "She promised to help him," the subject of the embedded clause "to help him" is controlled by the subject "She."
2. Raising verbs: In raising constructions, the subject of the embedded clause is raised to become the subject of the main clause. For example, in the sentence "He seems to be happy," the subject of the embedded clause "to be happy" is raised to become the subject "He."
3. Equi-NP deletion: In equi-NP deletion constructions, the subject of the embedded clause is deleted because it is co-referential with the subject of the main clause. For example, in the sentence "John believes Mary to be smart," the subject "Mary" is deleted because it is co-referential with the subject "John."
2. Raising verbs: In raising constructions, the subject of the embedded clause is raised to become the subject of the main clause. For example, in the sentence "He seems to be happy," the subject of the embedded clause "to be happy" is raised to become the subject "He."
3. Equi-NP deletion: In equi-NP deletion constructions, the subject of the embedded clause is deleted because it is co-referential with the subject of the main clause. For example, in the sentence "John believes Mary to be smart," the subject "Mary" is deleted because it is co-referential with the subject "John."
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Google Gemini AI
3 hours ago
Verb-Internal Subject (VIS)
A verb-internal subject is a type of grammatical structure where the subject of the sentence is embedded within the verb phrase. This is in contrast to verb-external subjects, where the subject appears outside of the verb phrase.
Examples:
- English:
- "I love to read."
- "The students went to the library."
- Japanese (a VIS language):
- "私 は 本 を 読み ます。" (Watashi wa hon o yomimasu)
- "学生 たちは 図書館 へ 行き ました。" (Gakusei-tachi wa toshokan e ikimashita)
In these examples, the subject is located within the verb phrase:
- "I" in "I love to read"
- "The students" in "The students went to the library"
- "Watashi" (I) in "Watashi wa hon o yomimasu"
- "Gakusei-tachi" (students) in "Gakusei-tachi wa toshokan e ikimashita"
Key Features of VIS:
- The subject is embedded within the verb phrase, often as a pronoun.
- Pronouns are typically oblique (not nominative), indicating their non-subject status.
- The verb phrase is pronominalized, meaning it includes information about the subject's person and number.
- The sentence may also contain overt subjects (e.g., nouns or noun phrases) for emphasis or other reasons.
Benefits of VIS:
- Compactness: VIS structures can be more concise than verb-external structures.
- Efficiency: The information about the subject is encoded within the verb, eliminating the need for an explicit subject pronoun.
- Flexibility: Over overt subjects can be added when necessary to provide additional information.
A verb-internal subject is a type of grammatical structure where the subject of the sentence is embedded within the verb phrase. This is in contrast to verb-external subjects, where the subject appears outside of the verb phrase.
Examples:
- English:
- "I love to read."
- "The students went to the library."
- Japanese (a VIS language):
- "私 は 本 を 読み ます。" (Watashi wa hon o yomimasu)
- "学生 たちは 図書館 へ 行き ました。" (Gakusei-tachi wa toshokan e ikimashita)
In these examples, the subject is located within the verb phrase:
- "I" in "I love to read"
- "The students" in "The students went to the library"
- "Watashi" (I) in "Watashi wa hon o yomimasu"
- "Gakusei-tachi" (students) in "Gakusei-tachi wa toshokan e ikimashita"
Key Features of VIS:
- The subject is embedded within the verb phrase, often as a pronoun.
- Pronouns are typically oblique (not nominative), indicating their non-subject status.
- The verb phrase is pronominalized, meaning it includes information about the subject's person and number.
- The sentence may also contain overt subjects (e.g., nouns or noun phrases) for emphasis or other reasons.
Benefits of VIS:
- Compactness: VIS structures can be more concise than verb-external structures.
- Efficiency: The information about the subject is encoded within the verb, eliminating the need for an explicit subject pronoun.
- Flexibility: Over overt subjects can be added when necessary to provide additional information.
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