What is socialization, its types, and references?

Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of their society. It is a lifelong process that begins in infancy and continues throughout one's life. Socialization helps individuals develop a sense of self, learn how to interact with others, and understand the expectations of their culture.

There are several types of socialization, including:

1. Primary socialization: This type of socialization occurs during early childhood and is typically carried out by family members, caregivers, and close friends. It is the most influential form of socialization and lays the foundation for an individual's understanding of the world.

2. Secondary socialization: This type of socialization occurs throughout one's life and is influenced by institutions such as schools, workplaces, and religious organizations. Secondary socialization helps individuals adapt to new social roles and expectations as they move through different stages of life.

3. Anticipatory socialization: This type of socialization occurs when individuals learn and internalize the norms and values of a future role or status. For example, a student may engage in anticipatory socialization when preparing for a new job or career.

References:

1. Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Anchor Books.

2. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human Nature and the Social Order. Charles Scribner's Sons.

3. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. University of Chicago Press.

Socialization

Socialization is the lifelong process by which individuals learn the values, norms, and behaviors that are acceptable in their society. Through socialization, individuals develop a sense of self, learn how to interact with others, and become fully functioning members of their society.

Types of Socialization

Primary Socialization
- Occurs during early childhood
- Involves learning the basic values and beliefs of one's family and community
- Most influential type of socialization

Secondary Socialization
- Occurs later in life
- Involves learning about different social groups and institutions, such as school, work, and religious organizations
- Helps individuals adapt to new roles and situations

Tertiary Socialization
- Occurs throughout life
- Involves learning new norms and values as society changes
- Can include experiences such as changing jobs, getting married, or becoming a parent

Agents of Socialization

- Family: Primary agent of socialization
- Peers: Influence individuals' behavior and values
- School: Teaches academic knowledge and social skills
- Mass media: Disseminates information and shapes cultural norms
- Workplace: Reinforces social norms and expectations

References:

- Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
- Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
- Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
- Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books.