What are the proponents of Environmental Determinism and Environmental Possibilism?

Environmental determinism is the belief that the physical environment, including climate, terrain, and resources, determines the culture, behavior, and development of societies. Proponents of environmental determinism include early geographers such as Ellsworth Huntington and Jared Diamond.

Environmental possibilism, on the other hand, is the belief that while the physical environment can influence human societies, it does not determine them. Proponents of environmental possibilism argue that human societies have the ability to adapt and overcome environmental constraints through technology, innovation, and cultural practices. Some proponents of environmental possibilism include Carl Sauer and Julian Steward.

Environmental Determinism

- Proponents:
- Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904)
- Ellen Churchill Semple (1863-1932)

Environmental Possibilism

- Proponents:
- Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947)
- Griffith Taylor (1880-1963)
- Harlan H. Barrows (1877-1960)
- Isaiah Bowman (1878-1950)

A conclusion is that: Proponents are the same as contributors to Geographic thought in terms of Environmental Determinism and Environmental Possibilism.Thus it's essential to indentify the enormous contributions of the above geographers.