What are the properties of cathode rays?

1. Cathode rays are streams of electrons that are emitted from the cathode (negative electrode) in a vacuum tube.

2. They travel in straight lines and can be deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

3. Cathode rays have a negative charge and are attracted to the positive electrode (anode) in a vacuum tube.

4. They can produce fluorescence when they strike a phosphorescent material, such as the screen of a cathode ray tube.

5. Cathode rays have a high velocity, typically around one-tenth the speed of light.

6. They carry kinetic energy and can cause ionization of gases when they collide with atoms or molecules.

7. Cathode rays can be used in various applications, such as in cathode ray tubes for television and computer monitors, electron microscopes, and particle accelerators.

- Cathode rays travel in straight lines. This can be demonstrated by placing a metal plate with a small hole in it between the cathode and the anode. The rays will pass through the hole and form a spot on the screen behind the plate.
- Cathode rays can be deflected by electric and magnetic fields. This indicates that the rays are charged particles.
- Cathode rays produce X-rays when they strike a metal target. This indicates that the rays have a high energy.
- Cathode rays are composed of electrons. This was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897.