- Scientific Management: Emphasizes the division of labor, standardization, and incentives to improve efficiency. - Classical Management: Focuses on the principles of hierarchy, specialization, and unity of command. - Human Relations Management: Prioritizes employee satisfaction, motivation, and communication.
2. Modern Management Practices
- Systems Management: Views organizations as interconnected systems that interact with the external environment. - Contingency Theory: Asserts that the best management practices depend on the specific situation and context. - Participative Management: Involves employees in decision-making and problem-solving.
3. Contemporary Management Practices
- Agile Management: Focuses on flexibility, adaptability, and continuous improvement. - Lean Management: Aims to eliminate waste and improve efficiency through continuous flow. - Project Management: Applies specialized knowledge and processes to manage projects effectively.
4. Specialized Management Practices
- Financial Management: Involves planning, controlling, and managing financial resources. - Human Resource Management: Recruits, trains, and develops employees to align with organizational goals. - Marketing Management: Creates and implements strategies to promote products or services.
5. Hybrid Management Practices
- Hybrid Agile Management: Combines elements of agile and traditional management practices. - Lean Six Sigma: Integrates lean manufacturing principles with statistical tools to improve quality. - Total Quality Management (TQM): Focuses on continuous improvement and customer satisfaction.
6. Emerging Management Practices
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Management: Utilizes AI technologies to automate tasks, improve decision-making, and enhance efficiency. - Sustainability Management: Integrates environmental, social, and economic considerations into business operations. - Data-Driven Management: Leverages data analytics to inform decision-making and improve performance.