Types of costs associated with the management of quality in an organization:

1. Prevention costs: Costs incurred to prevent defects or errors from occurring in the first place. This includes training employees, implementing quality control processes, and conducting quality audits.

2. Appraisal costs: Costs incurred to evaluate the quality of products or services. This includes inspection, testing, and quality assurance activities.

3. Internal failure costs: Costs incurred as a result of defects or errors that are identified before the product or service is delivered to the customer. This includes rework, scrap, and retesting.

4. External failure costs: Costs incurred as a result of defects or errors that are identified after the product or service has been delivered to the customer. This includes warranty claims, product recalls, and customer complaints.

5. Training costs: Costs incurred to train employees on quality management principles, tools, and techniques. This includes training programs, workshops, and certifications.

6. Process improvement costs: Costs incurred to improve processes and systems to enhance quality and reduce defects. This includes process reengineering, technology upgrades, and continuous improvement initiatives.

7. Supplier quality costs: Costs incurred to ensure that suppliers meet quality standards and deliver defect-free products or services. This includes supplier audits, quality assessments, and supplier development programs.

Internal Failure Costs:

- Prevention Costs: Costs incurred to prevent defects from occurring, such as:
- Quality planning
- Training
- Process improvement
- Design reviews
- Appraisal Costs: Costs incurred to assess the quality of products or services, such as:
- Inspection
- Testing
- Data analysis

External Failure Costs:

- Failure Costs: Costs incurred when products or services fail to meet customer requirements, such as:
- Returns
- Replacements
- Repairs
- Customer complaints
- Lost Sales Costs: Revenue lost due to poor quality products or services leading to dissatisfied customers who may switch to competitors

Indirect Costs:

- Product Traceability Costs: Costs associated with tracking products through the supply chain to identify and isolate defective units
- Equipment Calibration and Maintenance Costs: Costs to ensure that equipment used in production or inspection processes is accurate and reliable
- Management of Nonconformities: Costs incurred to address and resolve nonconformities in products or processes, such as:
- Investigation
- Corrective action
- Preventive action

Special Costs:

- Warranty Costs: Costs incurred to repair or replace products under warranty due to quality failures
- Liability Costs: Costs associated with legal claims or settlements due to product or service defects
- Reputation Costs: Costs to restore the organization's reputation after quality failures, such as:
- Public relations
- Advertising