THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

1. Evolutionary theory: Prosocial behavior may have evolved as a way to promote survival and reproduction. Individuals who engage in prosocial behaviors, such as cooperation and altruism, may have been more likely to receive help from others in return, increasing their chances of survival and passing on their genes.

2. Social exchange theory: Prosocial behavior may be motivated by the expectation of receiving rewards or benefits in return. Individuals may engage in prosocial behaviors to build social connections, gain social approval, or enhance their reputation.

3. Empathy-altruism hypothesis: Prosocial behavior may be driven by feelings of empathy and compassion for others. Individuals may help others because they genuinely care about their well-being and want to alleviate their suffering.

4. Social learning theory: Prosocial behavior may be learned through observation and imitation of others. Individuals may engage in prosocial behaviors because they have seen others being rewarded or praised for helping others.

5. Moral development theory: Prosocial behavior may be influenced by moral values and beliefs. Individuals may engage in prosocial behaviors because they believe it is the right thing to do, based on their internalized moral principles.

6. Cultural norms and values: Prosocial behavior may be shaped by cultural norms and values that emphasize cooperation, compassion, and helping others. Individuals may engage in prosocial behaviors to conform to societal expectations and uphold cultural ideals.

Evolutionary Theories

- Kin Selection: Behaviors that increase the survival and reproductive success of genetically related individuals.
- Reciprocal Altruism: Individuals engage in prosocial behaviors to gain future benefits from others.

Cognitive Theories

- Empathy and Perspective-Taking: Understanding and sharing the emotions of others motivates prosocial behavior.
- Moral Development: As individuals develop their sense of right and wrong, they internalize moral values that guide prosocial actions.
- Social Cognitive Theory: Observational learning and reinforcement influence social behaviors, including prosociality.

Affective Theories

- Positive Emotion: Positive emotions, such as joy and gratitude, encourage prosocial behaviors.
- Empathy-altruism Hypothesis: Empathic concern for others elicits altruistic behaviors.
- Helping as a Goal: People may engage in prosocial behaviors to achieve a positive self-concept or a sense of purpose.

Social Psychological Theories

- Social Norms: Societal expectations and norms influence prosocial behavior.
- Social Influence: Conformity, obedience, and group pressure can motivate prosocial actions.
- Social Exchange Theory: Individuals engage in prosocial behaviors to gain rewards or avoid punishments.

Biological Theories

- Neurochemical Factors: Oxytocin, dopamine, and serotonin are hormones that have been implicated in prosocial behavior.
- Mirror Neuron System: Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe another individual performing the same action.
- Prefrontal Cortex: Brain region involved in planning, decision-making, and moral reasoning, which contribute to prosocial behavior.

Situational and Contextual Factors

- Emergency Situations: Immediate danger or crises can trigger selfless acts.
- Bystander Effect: In crowded situations, individuals may hesitate to intervene due to feelings of responsibility and diffusion.
- Culture and Socialization: Cultural values and social norms shape prosocial behaviors.