Outline respiratory, cardiovascular and Git causes of finger clubbing? Outline grades of finger clubbing? Outline techniques to assess presence of ascites? Outline unilateral causes of lower swelling?

Respiratory causes of finger clubbing:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Cystic fibrosis
- Bronchiectasis
- Lung cancer

Cardiovascular causes of finger clubbing:
- Congenital heart defects
- Infective endocarditis
- Cyanotic heart disease
- Atrial myxoma

Gastrointestinal causes of finger clubbing:
- Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
- Cirrhosis
- Coeliac disease
- Pancreatic cancer

Grades of finger clubbing:
- Grade 1: Fluctuation and softening of the nail bed
- Grade 2: Increased convexity of the nail bed
- Grade 3: Thickening of the fingertips and nails
- Grade 4: Hypertrophy of the fingertips and nails

Techniques to assess presence of ascites:
- Inspection: Look for abdominal distension and bulging flanks
- Percussion: Percuss the abdomen to determine if there is dullness indicating fluid accumulation
- Palpation: Feel for fluid wave or shifting dullness
- Auscultation: Listen for abdominal bruits or venous hums

Unilateral causes of lower limb swelling:
- Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- Cellulitis
- Lymphedema
- Trauma/injury
- Baker's cyst
- Arterial insufficiency

Respiratory Causes of Finger Clubbing:

- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Lung cancer
- Cystic fibrosis
- Bronchiectasis
- Pleural effusion
- Pulmonary fibrosis

Cardiovascular Causes of Finger Clubbing:

- Congenital heart disease (e.g., tetralogy of Fallot)
- Eisenmenger syndrome (pulmonary hypertension due to intracardiac shunt)
- Infective endocarditis
- Marfan syndrome

Gastrointestinal (GIT) Causes of Finger Clubbing:

- Ulcerative colitis
- Crohn's disease
- Celiac disease

Grades of Finger Clubbing:

- Grade 1: Mild swelling and rounding of the fingertips with no nail changes
- Grade 2: Obvious swelling and rounding of the fingertips with nail changes (e.g., transverse ridging, Schamroth sign)
- Grade 3: Severe swelling and rounding of the fingertips with marked nail changes (e.g., watch glass nails, drum stick fingers)

Techniques to Assess Presence of Ascites:

- Physical examination:
- Inspection for abdominal distension
- Palpation for fluid wave (fluid thrill) and shifting dullness
- Ultrasound: Can detect as little as 100 mL of fluid
- Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): More sensitive than ultrasound but less readily available

Unilateral Causes of Lower Swelling:

- Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- Lymphedema
- Cellulitis
- Muscle strain or injury
- Baker's cyst (popliteal cyst)
- Lipoma
- Sarcoma