Outline Piaget's stages of moral development. How does moving from heteronomous to autonomous morality change understanding of rules and justice?

Piaget's stages of moral development are as follows:

1. Heteronomous morality (ages 4-7): In this stage, children believe that rules are handed down by authorities and must be followed without question. They see rules as fixed and unchangeable, and believe that breaking them will result in punishment.

2. Autonomous morality (ages 7-11): In this stage, children begin to understand that rules are created by people and can be changed through consensus. They start to consider intentions and consequences when evaluating actions, and develop a sense of fairness and justice.

Moving from heteronomous to autonomous morality changes understanding of rules and justice in several ways. Firstly, children in the autonomous stage start to see rules as flexible and subject to negotiation, rather than rigid and absolute. They also begin to consider the intentions behind actions, recognizing that someone may break a rule for a good reason. This leads to a more nuanced understanding of justice, where punishment is not always seen as necessary or fair. Overall, the shift to autonomous morality allows children to develop a more sophisticated and nuanced understanding of rules and justice, based on empathy, fairness, and consideration of others' perspectives.

Piaget's Stages of Moral Development

1. Premoral Stage (Ages 0-2)
- No clear understanding of rules or morality.
- Actions are motivated by immediate needs or desires.

2. Heteronomous Morality (Ages 2-7)
- Rules are external and absolute, imposed by authority figures.
- Obedience is seen as the highest moral value.
- Justice is based on punishment and reward (immanent justice).

3. Autonomous Morality (Ages 7-11)
- Rules are seen as social agreements made by individuals.
- Emphasis on fairness, equality, and mutual respect.
- Justice is based on reciprocity and cooperation (justice by equity).

4. Social Morality (Ages 12+)
- Morality is influenced by social norms and societal values.
- Individuals develop a sense of social responsibility and altruism.

Changes in Understanding of Rules and Justice

The transition from heteronomous to autonomous morality brings about significant changes in how individuals understand and apply rules and justice:

Heteronomous Morality:

- Rules: External, imposed, and unchangeable.
- Justice: Punishment and reward based on actions (immanent justice).

Autonomous Morality:

- Rules: Social agreements, flexible, and can be negotiated.
- Justice: Reciprocity, cooperation, and fairness (justice by equity).

Example:

In a heteronomous morality, a child may obey a rule against lying because they fear punishment. In autonomous morality, they may choose to tell the truth because they understand the importance of honesty and respecting others.

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