1. Direct cell-cell contact: In this mode of autocrine signaling, a cell directly interacts with another cell through physical contact, allowing for the transfer of signaling molecules between the two cells.
2. Secreted signaling molecules: Cells can also release signaling molecules into their immediate environment, which can then bind to receptors on the same cell or neighboring cells to initiate a signaling cascade.
3. Gap junctions: Gap junctions are specialized channels that allow for the direct exchange of signaling molecules and ions between adjacent cells, enabling rapid communication between cells in close proximity.
4. Exosomes: Cells can also release small vesicles called exosomes that contain signaling molecules, which can be taken up by neighboring cells to induce a signaling response.