Describe three mechanisms that large cells have used to overcome the surface area problem.

1. Microvilli: Some large cells, such as the cells lining the small intestine, have specialized structures called microvilli that increase their surface area for absorption. Microvilli are tiny, finger-like projections on the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption.

2. Folding: Some large cells, such as muscle cells and neurons, have developed intricate folding patterns in their membranes to increase surface area. These folds, known as invaginations, allow for more efficient exchange of materials and signals between the cell and its environment.

3. Branching: Some large cells, such as plant root cells, have developed branching structures that increase their surface area for absorption. These branching structures, such as root hairs, allow the cell to come into contact with a larger volume of soil or water, increasing the efficiency of nutrient uptake.