Metabolism of carbohydrates, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis and catabolism of amino acids - Transmission, deamination, urea cycle ?

Metabolism of carbohydrates involves several processes, including glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, which occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. This process generates ATP and NADH, which can be used for energy production.

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen, a storage form of glucose, into glucose-1-phosphate. This process occurs in the liver and muscles and is regulated by hormones such as glucagon and adrenaline. The resulting glucose-1-phosphate can be converted into glucose-6-phosphate and enter glycolysis.

Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose. This process occurs in the liver and muscles and is regulated by insulin. Excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored for later use.

The catabolism of amino acids involves several steps, including transamination, deamination, and the urea cycle. Transamination is the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid, resulting in the formation of a new amino acid and a new keto acid. This process is catalyzed by enzymes called transaminases.

Deamination is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid, resulting in the formation of ammonia and a keto acid. Ammonia is toxic to cells and needs to be converted into a less toxic form. This is where the urea cycle comes into play.

The urea cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the liver, where ammonia is converted into urea. Urea is then excreted in the urine. The urea cycle helps to eliminate excess nitrogen from the body, which is a byproduct of amino acid catabolism.

Overall, the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids is essential for energy production and the maintenance of nitrogen balance in the body.