Mention 4 causes of pathological edema in obstetrics,what are complications of pph,state three reasons why health wosrkers in stationed labour suit study lambdoidal suture?

1. Pre-eclampsia: A condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine during pregnancy, which can lead to fluid retention and edema.
2. Gestational diabetes: High blood sugar levels during pregnancy can cause excessive fluid retention and edema.
3. Intrauterine growth restriction: When a baby does not grow at a normal rate in the womb, it can lead to decreased blood flow and fluid buildup in the tissues.
4. Placental insufficiency: A condition where the placenta is not functioning properly, leading to poor blood flow and nutrient exchange, which can result in edema.

Complications of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) include:
1. Hypovolemic shock: Severe blood loss can lead to a dangerous drop in blood pressure and inadequate blood flow to vital organs.
2. Anemia: PPH can result in a significant loss of red blood cells, leading to fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms of anemia.
3. Organ failure: In severe cases, PPH can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys, liver, and heart due to inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery.

Health workers in stationed labor suit study the lambdoidal suture for the following reasons:
1. To assess the position of the fetal head: The lambdoidal suture is a key landmark that can help determine the position of the baby's head during labor, which can impact the progress of labor and delivery.
2. To monitor for signs of fetal distress: Changes in the shape and position of the lambdoidal suture can indicate potential issues with the baby's well-being, such as head compression or malposition.
3. To guide interventions during labor: Understanding the position of the lambdoidal suture can help health workers make informed decisions about interventions such as fetal monitoring, positioning, and delivery techniques to ensure a safe and successful birth.

4 Causes of Pathological Edema in Obstetrics:

1. Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
2. Gestational trophoblastic disease (e.g., hydatidiform mole)
3. Liver dysfunction (e.g., HELLP syndrome)
4. Renal dysfunction (e.g., pre-eclampsia, glomerulonephritis)

Complications of Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH):

- Hypovolemic shock and organ failure
- Infection (e.g., endometritis, sepsis)
- Anemia
- Coagulopathy
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- Maternal death

Reasons for Studying Lambdoidal Suture in Stationed Labor:

1. Assessment of Fetal Head Position: The lambdoidal suture helps determine the position of the fetal head in relation to the maternal pelvis.
2. Monitoring Fetal Descent: The suture's position can indicate the degree of fetal descent and help predict the duration of labor.
3. Evaluation of Molding: The overlapping of the lambdoidal suture is an indicator of fetal skull molding, which occurs as the head passes through the birth canal.