Anonymous
Jan 3
Malphigian tubules :- Structure and function in Insects and primitive nervous system in echinodermata?
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Jan 3
Malpighian tubules are excretory organs found in insects and some other arthropods. They are named after Marcello Malpighi, an Italian anatomist who first described them in the 17th century. These tubules play a crucial role in the excretory system of insects by removing waste products from the hemolymph (insect blood) and maintaining the osmotic balance.
Structure of Malpighian Tubules:
Malpighian tubules are long, slender, and thread-like structures located in the abdominal region of insects. The number of tubules varies among different insect species, ranging from a few to hundreds. Each tubule consists of a single layer of epithelial cells surrounded by a thin basement membrane. The tubules are lined with microvilli, which increase the surface area for absorption and secretion.
Function of Malpighian Tubules:
The primary function of Malpighian tubules is excretion and osmoregulation. Insects do not have kidneys like vertebrates, so the Malpighian tubules serve as their main excretory organs. They remove nitrogenous waste products, such as uric acid, from the hemolymph and transport them to the hindgut for elimination.
The process of excretion in Malpighian tubules involves active transport of ions and water. The tubules actively transport potassium and sodium ions from the hemolymph into the tubules, creating an osmotic gradient. Water follows the ions through osmosis, resulting in the formation of a primary urine solution. This urine then undergoes modification in the hindgut, where reabsorption of water and ions occurs, leading to the formation of solid uric acid crystals.
Primitive Nervous System in Echinodermata:
Echinoderms, such as starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers, possess a primitive nervous system that differs from the well-developed nervous systems found in insects and other higher animals. Echinoderms have a decentralized nervous system, meaning that nerve cells are scattered throughout their body rather than being concentrated in a central nervous system.
The nervous system of echinoderms consists of a nerve ring or nerve net located around the mouth region, from which radial nerves extend to the arms or body. The nerve cells in echinoderms are interconnected and communicate through chemical and electrical signals.
The function of the primitive nervous system in echinoderms is mainly sensory perception and coordination of basic physiological processes. It allows echinoderms to respond to external stimuli, such as light, touch, and chemical cues, and coordinate movements and behaviors.
However, it is important to note that echinoderms do not possess a complex brain or higher cognitive functions like insects or vertebrates. Their nervous system is primarily involved in basic sensory and motor functions necessary for survival and adaptation to their environment.
Structure of Malpighian Tubules:
Malpighian tubules are long, slender, and thread-like structures located in the abdominal region of insects. The number of tubules varies among different insect species, ranging from a few to hundreds. Each tubule consists of a single layer of epithelial cells surrounded by a thin basement membrane. The tubules are lined with microvilli, which increase the surface area for absorption and secretion.
Function of Malpighian Tubules:
The primary function of Malpighian tubules is excretion and osmoregulation. Insects do not have kidneys like vertebrates, so the Malpighian tubules serve as their main excretory organs. They remove nitrogenous waste products, such as uric acid, from the hemolymph and transport them to the hindgut for elimination.
The process of excretion in Malpighian tubules involves active transport of ions and water. The tubules actively transport potassium and sodium ions from the hemolymph into the tubules, creating an osmotic gradient. Water follows the ions through osmosis, resulting in the formation of a primary urine solution. This urine then undergoes modification in the hindgut, where reabsorption of water and ions occurs, leading to the formation of solid uric acid crystals.
Primitive Nervous System in Echinodermata:
Echinoderms, such as starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers, possess a primitive nervous system that differs from the well-developed nervous systems found in insects and other higher animals. Echinoderms have a decentralized nervous system, meaning that nerve cells are scattered throughout their body rather than being concentrated in a central nervous system.
The nervous system of echinoderms consists of a nerve ring or nerve net located around the mouth region, from which radial nerves extend to the arms or body. The nerve cells in echinoderms are interconnected and communicate through chemical and electrical signals.
The function of the primitive nervous system in echinoderms is mainly sensory perception and coordination of basic physiological processes. It allows echinoderms to respond to external stimuli, such as light, touch, and chemical cues, and coordinate movements and behaviors.
However, it is important to note that echinoderms do not possess a complex brain or higher cognitive functions like insects or vertebrates. Their nervous system is primarily involved in basic sensory and motor functions necessary for survival and adaptation to their environment.
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