History
- Ancient Egypt: Civilization along the Nile River; pyramids, hieroglyphics, pharaohs
- Ancient Greece: City-states, democracy, philosophy, literature, science
- Ancient Rome: Republic, empire, law, infrastructure, Christianity
- Middle Ages: Feudalism, Crusades, Black Death, Renaissance
- Age of Exploration: European voyages, colonization, global trade
Politics
Forms of Government:
- Autocracy: Rule by a single person (monarchy, dictatorship)
- Democracy: Rule by the people (direct, representative)
- Oligarchy: Rule by a small group
- Theocracy: Rule by religious authority
- Totalitarianism: Extreme form of authoritarianism, where the state controls all aspects of life
Political Ideologies:
- Liberalism: Individual rights, limited government, free trade
- Conservatism: Traditional values, limited government involvement in economy
- Socialism: Equality, government provision of essential services
- Communism: Classless, stateless society, state control of economy
- Nationalism: Pride and loyalty to one's country
Political Systems:
- Parliamentary System: Prime minister and cabinet answerable to legislature
- Presidential System: President holds executive and legislative powers
- Federation: Central government shares power with regional governments
- Unitary State: Central government has all the power
Political Processes:
- Elections: Periodic votes to choose leaders and representatives
- Legislation: Laws made by elected representatives
- Judiciary: Interprets laws and resolves disputes
- Constitution: Framework of a government's structure and principles
- Civil Rights: Protections for individuals from government overreach