Grade 12 Biology Unit 2.

Unit 2 of Grade 12 Biology typically covers topics related to genetics, evolution, and biodiversity. Some of the key concepts that students may learn in this unit include:

1. Mendelian genetics: Students will learn about the basic principles of inheritance, including dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, and genetic crosses.

2. Non-Mendelian genetics: Students will explore more complex patterns of inheritance, such as incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked traits.

3. Genetic mutations: Students will learn about the different types of mutations that can occur in DNA, including point mutations, insertions, deletions, and chromosomal abnormalities.

4. Evolution: Students will study the mechanisms of evolution, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutations. They will also learn about the evidence for evolution, such as fossil records, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.

5. Biodiversity: Students will explore the diversity of life on Earth, including the classification of organisms into different taxa and the importance of biodiversity for ecosystem health.

Overall, Unit 2 of Grade 12 Biology provides students with a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of life and the processes that drive evolution and biodiversity.

Unit 2: Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology

Topic 1: DNA Structure and Function

- DNA structure and components (nucleotides, bases, double helix)
- DNA replication (semi-conservative replication)

Topic 2: Gene Expression

- Transcription (from DNA to mRNA)
- Translation (from mRNA to protein)
- Gene regulation (control of gene expression)

Topic 3: Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses

- Bacterial genetics (binary fission, conjugation, transformation)
- Viral genetics (lytic and lysogenic cycles)

Topic 4: Biotechnology

- Genetic engineering techniques (gene cloning, gene sequencing)
- Applications of biotechnology (genetic modification, pharmaceuticals)
- Ethical and societal implications of biotechnology

Topic 5: Genomics and Proteomics

- Genomics (study of the entire genome)
- Proteomics (study of the entire set of proteins)
- Bioinformatics (use of computers to analyze genetic data)

Topic 6: Human Genetics

- Inheritance patterns (dominant, recessive, codominance)
- Pedigrees (family trees)
- Genetic disorders (chromosomal abnormalities, Mendelian disorders)

Assessment:

- Tests (unit tests, mid-term exam, final exam)
- Assignments (lab reports, research projects, essays)
- Presentations (oral presentations on topics related to molecular genetics and biotechnology)

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