Factors associated with male infertility.

1. Varicocele: A varicocele is a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle. It is a common cause of male infertility and can affect sperm production and quality.

2. Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal imbalances, such as low levels of testosterone or high levels of prolactin, can affect sperm production and quality.

3. Genetic factors: Genetic factors, such as chromosomal abnormalities or mutations in genes that are important for sperm production, can cause male infertility.

4. Infections: Infections, such as sexually transmitted infections or infections of the reproductive organs, can affect sperm production and quality.

5. Lifestyle factors: Lifestyle factors, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, drug use, and obesity, can affect sperm production and quality.

6. Environmental factors: Exposure to environmental toxins, such as pesticides, heavy metals, and radiation, can affect sperm production and quality.

7. Medical conditions: Medical conditions, such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and autoimmune diseases, can affect sperm production and quality.

8. Medications: Certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs, antihypertensives, and antidepressants, can affect sperm production and quality.

9. Age: Advanced age can affect sperm production and quality, as sperm quality tends to decline with age.

10. Stress: Chronic stress can affect hormone levels and sperm production, leading to male infertility.