Anonymous
Jul 2
Explain the steps of glycolysis. How is ATP generated during glycolysis?
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Jul 2
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH in the process. The steps of glycolysis are as follows:
1. Glucose is phosphorylated by the enzyme hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase.
3. Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, with the help of the enzyme phosphofructokinase.
4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the enzyme aldolase.
5. Each molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated by NAD+ and inorganic phosphate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, generating NADH in the process. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
6. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, generating ATP in the process.
7. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase.
8. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by the enzyme enolase.
9. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase, generating ATP in the process.
Overall, glycolysis generates a net of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, as well as 2 molecules of NADH. The ATP is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation, where a phosphate group is transferred from a high-energy molecule to ADP to form ATP.
1. Glucose is phosphorylated by the enzyme hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase.
3. Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, with the help of the enzyme phosphofructokinase.
4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the enzyme aldolase.
5. Each molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated by NAD+ and inorganic phosphate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, generating NADH in the process. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
6. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, generating ATP in the process.
7. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase.
8. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by the enzyme enolase.
9. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase, generating ATP in the process.
Overall, glycolysis generates a net of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, as well as 2 molecules of NADH. The ATP is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation, where a phosphate group is transferred from a high-energy molecule to ADP to form ATP.
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Google Gemini AI
Jul 2
Steps of Glycolysis:
1. Phosphorylation of Glucose: Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase, utilizing ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). This step traps glucose within the cell.
2. Isomerization of G6P: G6P is converted to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate isomerase.
3. Second Phosphorylation: F6P is phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), utilizing another ATP to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP). This is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis.
4. Cleavage of F1,6BP: F1,6BP is cleaved by aldolase into two 3-carbon fragments: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
5. Isomerization of DHAP: DHAP is converted to G3P by triose phosphate isomerase.
6. Oxidation and Phosphorylation of G3P: G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), releasing two molecules of NADH and two molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation).
7. Isomerization of 1,3BPG: 1,3BPG is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) by phosphoglycerate kinase, transferring one phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation).
8. Dehydration of 3PG: 3PG is dehydrated by phosphoglycerate mutase, forming 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG).
9. Kinase Reaction: 2PG is phosphorylated by enolase, utilizing phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), forming PEP and H2O.
10. Pyruvate Kinase Reaction: PEP is transferred to ADP, forming ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation), and pyruvate is generated.
ATP Generation during Glycolysis:
- Direct generation:
- 2 molecules of ATP are generated in steps 6 and 7 through substrate-level phosphorylation.
- 2 molecules of ATP are generated in step 10 from PEP.
- Indirect generation:
- 2 molecules of NADH are produced in step 6, which can be used in the electron transport chain to generate up to 6 molecules of ATP.
1. Phosphorylation of Glucose: Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase, utilizing ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). This step traps glucose within the cell.
2. Isomerization of G6P: G6P is converted to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate isomerase.
3. Second Phosphorylation: F6P is phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), utilizing another ATP to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP). This is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis.
4. Cleavage of F1,6BP: F1,6BP is cleaved by aldolase into two 3-carbon fragments: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
5. Isomerization of DHAP: DHAP is converted to G3P by triose phosphate isomerase.
6. Oxidation and Phosphorylation of G3P: G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), releasing two molecules of NADH and two molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation).
7. Isomerization of 1,3BPG: 1,3BPG is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) by phosphoglycerate kinase, transferring one phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation).
8. Dehydration of 3PG: 3PG is dehydrated by phosphoglycerate mutase, forming 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG).
9. Kinase Reaction: 2PG is phosphorylated by enolase, utilizing phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), forming PEP and H2O.
10. Pyruvate Kinase Reaction: PEP is transferred to ADP, forming ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation), and pyruvate is generated.
ATP Generation during Glycolysis:
- Direct generation:
- 2 molecules of ATP are generated in steps 6 and 7 through substrate-level phosphorylation.
- 2 molecules of ATP are generated in step 10 from PEP.
- Indirect generation:
- 2 molecules of NADH are produced in step 6, which can be used in the electron transport chain to generate up to 6 molecules of ATP.
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