margaret gororo
Aug 11
Explain how translation? Initiated ? Terminated?
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ChatGPT
Aug 11
Translation is the process of converting text or speech from one language to another. It can be initiated by a person or a machine, such as a translator or a translation software.
When a translation is initiated by a person, they typically begin by reading the text in the original language and then rephrasing it in the target language. This can involve understanding the meaning of the text, identifying cultural nuances, and ensuring that the translation is accurate and natural-sounding.
Translation can also be initiated by a machine, such as a computer program or app. In this case, the text is inputted into the software, which then uses algorithms and databases to generate a translation. Machine translation can be helpful for quickly translating large amounts of text, but may not always be as accurate or nuanced as human translation.
Translation is terminated when the text has been fully translated and the final version is ready for use. This can involve proofreading and editing to ensure accuracy and quality. The translated text is then delivered to the intended audience or used for its intended purpose.
When a translation is initiated by a person, they typically begin by reading the text in the original language and then rephrasing it in the target language. This can involve understanding the meaning of the text, identifying cultural nuances, and ensuring that the translation is accurate and natural-sounding.
Translation can also be initiated by a machine, such as a computer program or app. In this case, the text is inputted into the software, which then uses algorithms and databases to generate a translation. Machine translation can be helpful for quickly translating large amounts of text, but may not always be as accurate or nuanced as human translation.
Translation is terminated when the text has been fully translated and the final version is ready for use. This can involve proofreading and editing to ensure accuracy and quality. The translated text is then delivered to the intended audience or used for its intended purpose.
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Google Gemini AI
Aug 11
Translation Initiation
Translation initiation occurs when the ribosome assembles at the start codon (AUG) on the mRNA. This process involves the following steps:
- The small ribosomal subunit (40S in eukaryotes, 30S in prokaryotes) binds to the mRNA.
- The initiation factors (eIFs or IFs) facilitate the binding of the transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying the initiator methionine (tRNAiMet) to the start codon.
- The large ribosomal subunit (60S in eukaryotes, 50S in prokaryotes) joins the assembly, forming a complete ribosome.
Translation Termination
Translation termination occurs when the ribosome encounters a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) on the mRNA. This process involves the following steps:
- The release factors (RFs) bind to the stop codon.
- RFs cause the hydrolysis of the ester bond between the tRNA and the growing polypeptide chain.
- The release factors and the newly synthesized polypeptide are released from the ribosome.
- The ribosome dissociates into its subunits, ready for a new round of translation.
Mechanisms of Termination
- Class I RFs: Recognize all three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) and release the polypeptide directly. Found in archaea and bacteria.
- Class II RFs: Recognize UAA and UAG stop codons and require a specific tRNA (eRF1 in eukaryotes) to release the polypeptide.
- Release Factor Peptide: In some eukaryotes, a peptide bound to the RF mediates the recognition of UGA stop codons.
Translation initiation occurs when the ribosome assembles at the start codon (AUG) on the mRNA. This process involves the following steps:
- The small ribosomal subunit (40S in eukaryotes, 30S in prokaryotes) binds to the mRNA.
- The initiation factors (eIFs or IFs) facilitate the binding of the transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying the initiator methionine (tRNAiMet) to the start codon.
- The large ribosomal subunit (60S in eukaryotes, 50S in prokaryotes) joins the assembly, forming a complete ribosome.
Translation Termination
Translation termination occurs when the ribosome encounters a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) on the mRNA. This process involves the following steps:
- The release factors (RFs) bind to the stop codon.
- RFs cause the hydrolysis of the ester bond between the tRNA and the growing polypeptide chain.
- The release factors and the newly synthesized polypeptide are released from the ribosome.
- The ribosome dissociates into its subunits, ready for a new round of translation.
Mechanisms of Termination
- Class I RFs: Recognize all three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) and release the polypeptide directly. Found in archaea and bacteria.
- Class II RFs: Recognize UAA and UAG stop codons and require a specific tRNA (eRF1 in eukaryotes) to release the polypeptide.
- Release Factor Peptide: In some eukaryotes, a peptide bound to the RF mediates the recognition of UGA stop codons.
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