edson sospeter
Dec 15, 2023
Describe organization of parasympathetic nerves system???
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Dec 15, 2023
The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, along with the sympathetic nervous system. It is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and conserving energy by promoting rest, digestion, and relaxation.
The organization of the parasympathetic nervous system involves a series of nerves and ganglia that work together to transmit signals from the central nervous system to various organs and tissues in the body. Here is a general overview of its organization:
1. Cranial nerves: The parasympathetic nervous system originates from the brainstem and includes four cranial nerves: the oculomotor nerve (III), facial nerve (VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), and vagus nerve (X). These cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers that innervate specific organs and structures in the head, neck, and thoracic regions.
2. Sacral nerves: In addition to the cranial nerves, the parasympathetic nervous system also includes the sacral nerves, specifically the second, third, and fourth sacral nerves (S2-S4). These nerves originate from the sacral region of the spinal cord and innervate the pelvic organs, such as the bladder, reproductive organs, and lower gastrointestinal tract.
3. Ganglia: The parasympathetic nervous system utilizes two types of ganglia: cranial ganglia and terminal ganglia. Cranial ganglia are located near or within the head and receive preganglionic fibers from the cranial nerves. Terminal ganglia, also known as intramural ganglia, are located within or near the target organs and receive preganglionic fibers from the sacral nerves.
4. Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers: The parasympathetic nervous system consists of two sets of neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. Preganglionic fibers originate from the brainstem or sacral region of the spinal cord and synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglia. Postganglionic fibers then extend from the ganglia to innervate specific organs or tissues.
5. Neurotransmitter: The primary neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine (ACh). Preganglionic fibers release ACh, which binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons. Postganglionic fibers then release ACh, which binds to muscarinic receptors on target organs, leading to various physiological responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic nervous system is organized in a way that allows it to regulate and control various bodily functions, including digestion, heart rate, respiratory rate, and glandular secretions. Its organization involves specific cranial and sacral nerves, ganglia, and the release of acetylcholine as the primary neurotransmitter.
The organization of the parasympathetic nervous system involves a series of nerves and ganglia that work together to transmit signals from the central nervous system to various organs and tissues in the body. Here is a general overview of its organization:
1. Cranial nerves: The parasympathetic nervous system originates from the brainstem and includes four cranial nerves: the oculomotor nerve (III), facial nerve (VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), and vagus nerve (X). These cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers that innervate specific organs and structures in the head, neck, and thoracic regions.
2. Sacral nerves: In addition to the cranial nerves, the parasympathetic nervous system also includes the sacral nerves, specifically the second, third, and fourth sacral nerves (S2-S4). These nerves originate from the sacral region of the spinal cord and innervate the pelvic organs, such as the bladder, reproductive organs, and lower gastrointestinal tract.
3. Ganglia: The parasympathetic nervous system utilizes two types of ganglia: cranial ganglia and terminal ganglia. Cranial ganglia are located near or within the head and receive preganglionic fibers from the cranial nerves. Terminal ganglia, also known as intramural ganglia, are located within or near the target organs and receive preganglionic fibers from the sacral nerves.
4. Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers: The parasympathetic nervous system consists of two sets of neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. Preganglionic fibers originate from the brainstem or sacral region of the spinal cord and synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglia. Postganglionic fibers then extend from the ganglia to innervate specific organs or tissues.
5. Neurotransmitter: The primary neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine (ACh). Preganglionic fibers release ACh, which binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons. Postganglionic fibers then release ACh, which binds to muscarinic receptors on target organs, leading to various physiological responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic nervous system is organized in a way that allows it to regulate and control various bodily functions, including digestion, heart rate, respiratory rate, and glandular secretions. Its organization involves specific cranial and sacral nerves, ganglia, and the release of acetylcholine as the primary neurotransmitter.
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