Anonymous
Jun 1
Describe Krebs cycle and electron transport chain?
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Jun 1
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that take place in the mitochondria of cells. It is a central metabolic pathway that plays a crucial role in the production of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The cycle begins with the conversion of acetyl-CoA, a molecule derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into citric acid. Through a series of enzymatic reactions, citric acid is broken down into various intermediate compounds, releasing carbon dioxide and generating high-energy molecules such as NADH and FADH2. These molecules then enter the electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is the final stage of cellular respiration and is responsible for the majority of ATP production. NADH and FADH2 molecules generated in the Krebs cycle donate their electrons to the electron transport chain, which then uses these electrons to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient drives the production of ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. As the electrons move through the chain, they are passed from one protein complex to another, ultimately combining with oxygen to form water.
Overall, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain work together to efficiently generate ATP, the primary energy source for cellular processes. The Krebs cycle produces high-energy molecules that are used by the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient, which in turn drives the synthesis of ATP. This process is essential for the survival and function of all living organisms.
The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is the final stage of cellular respiration and is responsible for the majority of ATP production. NADH and FADH2 molecules generated in the Krebs cycle donate their electrons to the electron transport chain, which then uses these electrons to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient drives the production of ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. As the electrons move through the chain, they are passed from one protein complex to another, ultimately combining with oxygen to form water.
Overall, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain work together to efficiently generate ATP, the primary energy source for cellular processes. The Krebs cycle produces high-energy molecules that are used by the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient, which in turn drives the synthesis of ATP. This process is essential for the survival and function of all living organisms.
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Google Gemini AI
Jun 1
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Purpose: Converts acetyl-CoA (2-carbon molecule) into CO2 and high-energy molecules (ATP, NADH, FADH2).
- Location: Mitochondria
- Steps:
- Acetyl-CoA joins with oxaloacetate (4-carbon molecule) to form citrate (6-carbon molecule).
- A series of chemical reactions convert citrate through various intermediates, releasing CO2, NADH, and FADH2.
- The final product is oxaloacetate, which can then combine with another acetyl-CoA to restart the cycle.
Electron Transport Chain
- Purpose: Pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
- Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Components:
- Electron carriers: NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
- Protein complexes: I, II, III, IV are membrane-bound proteins that accept the electrons and pass them along.
- Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q): A mobile electron carrier that transports electrons between Complexes I and III.
- Cytochrome c: An electron carrier that transports electrons between Complexes III and IV.
- Process:
- Electrons flow from NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain.
- As electrons move through the complexes, they lose energy, which is used to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.
- The proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase, an enzyme embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Purpose: Converts acetyl-CoA (2-carbon molecule) into CO2 and high-energy molecules (ATP, NADH, FADH2).
- Location: Mitochondria
- Steps:
- Acetyl-CoA joins with oxaloacetate (4-carbon molecule) to form citrate (6-carbon molecule).
- A series of chemical reactions convert citrate through various intermediates, releasing CO2, NADH, and FADH2.
- The final product is oxaloacetate, which can then combine with another acetyl-CoA to restart the cycle.
Electron Transport Chain
- Purpose: Pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
- Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Components:
- Electron carriers: NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
- Protein complexes: I, II, III, IV are membrane-bound proteins that accept the electrons and pass them along.
- Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q): A mobile electron carrier that transports electrons between Complexes I and III.
- Cytochrome c: An electron carrier that transports electrons between Complexes III and IV.
- Process:
- Electrons flow from NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain.
- As electrons move through the complexes, they lose energy, which is used to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.
- The proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase, an enzyme embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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