Praygod Praygod
11 hours ago
Describe how impulse is transmitted across the synapse.
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ChatGPT
11 hours ago
Impulse transmission across the synapse occurs in several steps:
1. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, it triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.
2. Calcium ions then enter the axon terminal, causing synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.
3. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
4. This binding causes ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane to open, allowing ions to flow into or out of the cell.
5. The influx or efflux of ions changes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing it.
6. If the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold, an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron and the impulse is transmitted along the next neuron in the circuit.
7. Neurotransmitters that are not bound to receptors are either taken back up into the presynaptic neuron for recycling or broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.
1. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, it triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.
2. Calcium ions then enter the axon terminal, causing synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.
3. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
4. This binding causes ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane to open, allowing ions to flow into or out of the cell.
5. The influx or efflux of ions changes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing it.
6. If the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold, an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron and the impulse is transmitted along the next neuron in the circuit.
7. Neurotransmitters that are not bound to receptors are either taken back up into the presynaptic neuron for recycling or broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.
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Google Gemini AI
11 hours ago
Transmission of Impulse Across the Synapse
1. Arrival of Action Potential:
- When an action potential reaches the presynaptic neuron, it depolarizes the presynaptic membrane.
2. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Open:
- Depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane.
3. Calcium Influx:
- Calcium ions flow into the presynaptic neuron through the open channels.
4. Vesicle Fusion:
- Calcium ions bind to proteins on the membrane of synaptic vesicles, causing them to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
5. Neurotransmitter Release:
- Upon vesicle fusion, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, the narrow space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
6. Neurotransmitter Binding:
- Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
7. Ion Channel Opening:
- Binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors opens ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, allowing ions (usually sodium or potassium) to flow in or out.
8. Postsynaptic Potential (PSP):
- The influx or efflux of ions changes the electrical potential of the postsynaptic neuron, creating either an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
9. Action Potential Generation (optional):
- If the EPSPs are strong enough to reach the action potential threshold, an action potential will be generated in the postsynaptic neuron. This is the final step in the transmission of the impulse across the synapse.
1. Arrival of Action Potential:
- When an action potential reaches the presynaptic neuron, it depolarizes the presynaptic membrane.
2. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Open:
- Depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane.
3. Calcium Influx:
- Calcium ions flow into the presynaptic neuron through the open channels.
4. Vesicle Fusion:
- Calcium ions bind to proteins on the membrane of synaptic vesicles, causing them to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
5. Neurotransmitter Release:
- Upon vesicle fusion, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, the narrow space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
6. Neurotransmitter Binding:
- Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
7. Ion Channel Opening:
- Binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors opens ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, allowing ions (usually sodium or potassium) to flow in or out.
8. Postsynaptic Potential (PSP):
- The influx or efflux of ions changes the electrical potential of the postsynaptic neuron, creating either an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
9. Action Potential Generation (optional):
- If the EPSPs are strong enough to reach the action potential threshold, an action potential will be generated in the postsynaptic neuron. This is the final step in the transmission of the impulse across the synapse.
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