Describe Edwards' syndrome and Down syndrome.

Edwards' syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. This extra genetic material disrupts normal development and can lead to a variety of physical and intellectual disabilities. Individuals with Edwards' syndrome often have characteristic facial features, heart defects, kidney problems, and developmental delays. The condition is typically severe and many babies born with Edwards' syndrome do not survive past infancy.

Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material affects physical and intellectual development, leading to characteristic facial features, developmental delays, and an increased risk of certain health conditions such as heart defects and thyroid problems. Individuals with Down syndrome typically have mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, but with appropriate support and interventions, they can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.

Edwards Syndrome

- Cause: Trisomy 18, meaning the presence of three copies of chromosome 18
- Incidence: 1 in 5,000 pregnancies
- Features:
- Severe mental and physical disabilities
- Characteristic facial features (small jaw, low-set ears, clenched fists)
- Congenital heart defects
- Kidney abnormalities
- Gastrointestinal problems
- Prognosis: Most infants do not survive beyond infancy

Down Syndrome

- Cause: Trisomy 21, meaning the presence of three copies of chromosome 21
- Incidence: 1 in 700 pregnancies
- Features:
- Mild to moderate mental disabilities
- Characteristic facial features (sloped forehead, wide-set eyes, flat nasal bridge)
- Short stature
- Muscle weakness
- Congenital heart defects
- Prognosis: With proper support and early intervention, individuals with Down syndrome can live full and productive lives