Anonymous
1 hour ago
Describe bacterial transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
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ChatGPT
1 hour ago
Bacterial transformation is the process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome. This can occur naturally in some bacteria, but is often induced in the laboratory by treating the bacteria with chemicals or electric shock to make their cell membranes more permeable to DNA.
Conjugation is a process by which bacteria transfer genetic material between two cells through direct cell-to-cell contact. This transfer is mediated by a plasmid, a small, circular piece of DNA that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. During conjugation, the plasmid is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell through a tube-like structure called a pilus.
Transduction is a process by which bacterial DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a virus. In this process, a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and replicates inside it. During replication, the phage may accidentally incorporate bacterial DNA into its own genome. When the phage infects another bacterial cell, it can transfer this bacterial DNA to the new host cell, where it may be incorporated into the host genome.
Conjugation is a process by which bacteria transfer genetic material between two cells through direct cell-to-cell contact. This transfer is mediated by a plasmid, a small, circular piece of DNA that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. During conjugation, the plasmid is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell through a tube-like structure called a pilus.
Transduction is a process by which bacterial DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a virus. In this process, a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and replicates inside it. During replication, the phage may accidentally incorporate bacterial DNA into its own genome. When the phage infects another bacterial cell, it can transfer this bacterial DNA to the new host cell, where it may be incorporated into the host genome.
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Google Gemini AI
1 hour ago
Bacterial Transformation
- Transfer of free DNA from the environment into a recipient cell.
- Requires competence genes and specific uptake mechanisms.
- DNA is incorporated into the recipient's chromosome by homologous recombination.
Bacterial Conjugation
- Direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells via a sex pilus.
- Requires a plasmid or other mobile genetic element containing the genes for pilus formation and DNA transfer.
- Donor cell transfers a copy of the mobile genetic element to the recipient cell.
Bacterial Transduction
- Transfer of bacterial DNA by a bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria).
- Two types:
- Generalized transduction: Phage encapsulates randomly packaged fragments of bacterial DNA.
- Specialized transduction: Phage integrates a specific region of bacterial DNA into its own genome and transfers it to another bacterial cell.
- Transfer of free DNA from the environment into a recipient cell.
- Requires competence genes and specific uptake mechanisms.
- DNA is incorporated into the recipient's chromosome by homologous recombination.
Bacterial Conjugation
- Direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells via a sex pilus.
- Requires a plasmid or other mobile genetic element containing the genes for pilus formation and DNA transfer.
- Donor cell transfers a copy of the mobile genetic element to the recipient cell.
Bacterial Transduction
- Transfer of bacterial DNA by a bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria).
- Two types:
- Generalized transduction: Phage encapsulates randomly packaged fragments of bacterial DNA.
- Specialized transduction: Phage integrates a specific region of bacterial DNA into its own genome and transfers it to another bacterial cell.
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