Delineate colonial policies of the British and Portuguese in the southern Africa sub-region between 1910 and 1940. How were black southern Africans affected by these policies?

During the period between 1910 and 1940, both the British and Portuguese implemented colonial policies in southern Africa that had significant impacts on the black southern African population.

British colonial policies in southern Africa during this period were characterized by the establishment of settler colonies, such as South Africa and Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe). The British implemented policies of segregation and discrimination, such as the Land Act of 1913 in South Africa, which restricted black Africans from owning land in certain areas. The British also enforced policies of forced labor, particularly in the mining industry, where black Africans were often subjected to harsh working conditions and low wages.

Portuguese colonial policies in southern Africa during this period were focused on the exploitation of resources, particularly in Angola and Mozambique. The Portuguese implemented policies of forced labor, known as the "indigenous labor system," which required black Africans to work on plantations and in mines under harsh conditions. The Portuguese also enforced policies of forced assimilation, attempting to impose Portuguese culture and language on the indigenous population.

Overall, black southern Africans were severely affected by these colonial policies. They were subjected to discrimination, segregation, forced labor, and exploitation by both the British and Portuguese authorities. These policies contributed to the economic and social marginalization of black Africans, as well as the erosion of their cultural identities and traditional ways of life. The legacy of these colonial policies continues to impact southern Africa today, as the region continues to grapple with the legacy of colonialism and its effects on the black population.