Define the state and civil society, referring to different scholars, and provide reference books written in APA style.

The state and civil society are two key concepts in political science and sociology that refer to different spheres of society and governance. The state typically refers to the formal institutions and structures of government that have the authority to make and enforce laws, collect taxes, and provide public services. Civil society, on the other hand, refers to the realm of voluntary associations, organizations, and social movements that exist outside of the state and play a role in shaping public opinion, advocating for social change, and providing services to communities.

According to political scientist Max Weber, the state is defined by its monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a given territory, while civil society represents the space for individual and collective action that exists outside of state control. Sociologist Antonio Gramsci further developed the concept of civil society as a site of contestation and struggle for hegemony between different social groups and classes.

Some reference books that discuss the state and civil society include:

1. Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. University of California Press.
2. Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. International Publishers.
3. Keane, J. (1998). Civil Society: Old Images, New Visions. Stanford University Press.

These books provide in-depth analyses of the state and civil society, drawing on the works of influential scholars and offering insights into their roles and interactions within modern societies.

State

- Max Weber: "A human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." (Weber, 1978, p. 54)
- Charles Tilly: "A set of specialized institutions that maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence, collects taxes, and enforces laws." (Tilly, 1990, p. 22)
- Hannah Arendt: "A political community defined by its boundaries and the shared purpose of its citizens." (Arendt, 1998, p. 28)

Civil Society

- Jean-Jacques Rousseau: "The voluntary association of individuals for common purposes." (Rousseau, 1762)
- Georg Hegel: "The sphere of social and economic life that exists outside the state." (Hegel, 1821)
- Alexis de Tocqueville: "The network of associations and institutions that facilitate the interaction of citizens with each other and with the state." (Tocqueville, 1835)
- Antonio Gramsci: "The social and cultural organizations that mediate between the state and the people." (Gramsci, 1971)

Reference Books

- Arendt, H. (1998). The human condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. New York: International Publishers.
- Hegel, G. W. F. (1821). Philosophy of right. Translated by T. M. Knox. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Rousseau, J.-J. (1762). The social contract. Translated by G. D. H. Cole. New York: Everyman's Library.
- Tilly, C. (1990). Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990-1990. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Tocqueville, A. de. (1835). Democracy in America. Translated by H. Reeve. New York: Vintage Books.
- Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society. Edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press.