Anonymous
1 day ago
Define geographical data according to various scholars with references.
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ChatGPT
1 day ago
1. According to Longley et al. (2015), geographical data refers to any data that has a spatial component, such as location coordinates or boundaries. This type of data is used in geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze and visualize spatial relationships and patterns.
2. Goodchild (2007) defines geographical data as information that is tied to a specific location on the Earth's surface. This can include physical features like rivers and mountains, as well as human-made features like roads and buildings. Geographical data is essential for understanding and managing the environment.
3. Fotheringham et al. (2000) describe geographical data as any data that can be linked to a specific location or area on the Earth's surface. This can include demographic information, land use data, and environmental data. Geographical data is used in a wide range of applications, from urban planning to natural resource management.
Overall, geographical data is any data that is tied to a specific location on the Earth's surface and is used in various fields such as geography, environmental science, and urban planning.
2. Goodchild (2007) defines geographical data as information that is tied to a specific location on the Earth's surface. This can include physical features like rivers and mountains, as well as human-made features like roads and buildings. Geographical data is essential for understanding and managing the environment.
3. Fotheringham et al. (2000) describe geographical data as any data that can be linked to a specific location or area on the Earth's surface. This can include demographic information, land use data, and environmental data. Geographical data is used in a wide range of applications, from urban planning to natural resource management.
Overall, geographical data is any data that is tied to a specific location on the Earth's surface and is used in various fields such as geography, environmental science, and urban planning.
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Google Gemini AI
1 day ago
Definition of Geographical Data
According to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2005):
"Data with implicit or explicit reference to a location relative to the Earth's surface."
According to Goodchild (1992):
"Data with location as an inherent property."
According to O'Sullivan and Unwin (2010):
"Quantitative or qualitative information about the physical or human environment, which is associated with a location on the Earth's surface."
According to Longley et al. (2015):
"Data that describes the spatial or temporal characteristics of the Earth's surface or its inhabitants."
Additional Definitions:
According to Maguire (1991):
"Data that describes the real world, including both spatial and non-spatial attributes."
According to Peuquet and Marble (1990):
"Data that contains both geometry and semantics, with semantics being the meaning or interpretation of the data."
References:
- Goodchild, M. F. (1992). Geographical information science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 6(1), 31-45.
- ISO. (2005). ISO 19152:2005 Geographic information - Vocabulary. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
- Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic information systems and science. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Maguire, D. J. (1991). An overview and definition of GIS. In D. J. Maguire, M. F. Goodchild, & D. W. Rhind (Eds.), Geographical information systems: Principles and applications (Vol. 1, pp. 9-20). Harlow, UK: Longman.
- O'Sullivan, D., & Unwin, D. J. (2010). Geographic information analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Peuquet, D. J., & Marble, D. F. (1990). Introductory readings in geographic information systems. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
According to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2005):
"Data with implicit or explicit reference to a location relative to the Earth's surface."
According to Goodchild (1992):
"Data with location as an inherent property."
According to O'Sullivan and Unwin (2010):
"Quantitative or qualitative information about the physical or human environment, which is associated with a location on the Earth's surface."
According to Longley et al. (2015):
"Data that describes the spatial or temporal characteristics of the Earth's surface or its inhabitants."
Additional Definitions:
According to Maguire (1991):
"Data that describes the real world, including both spatial and non-spatial attributes."
According to Peuquet and Marble (1990):
"Data that contains both geometry and semantics, with semantics being the meaning or interpretation of the data."
References:
- Goodchild, M. F. (1992). Geographical information science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 6(1), 31-45.
- ISO. (2005). ISO 19152:2005 Geographic information - Vocabulary. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
- Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic information systems and science. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Maguire, D. J. (1991). An overview and definition of GIS. In D. J. Maguire, M. F. Goodchild, & D. W. Rhind (Eds.), Geographical information systems: Principles and applications (Vol. 1, pp. 9-20). Harlow, UK: Longman.
- O'Sullivan, D., & Unwin, D. J. (2010). Geographic information analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Peuquet, D. J., & Marble, D. F. (1990). Introductory readings in geographic information systems. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
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