Define drought and desertification?

Drought is a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water. It can have serious impacts on agriculture, water supply, and ecosystems.

Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agricultural practices. It can lead to the loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and reduced agricultural productivity.

Drought

- A prolonged period of below-normal precipitation, leading to a water shortage that can impact ecosystems, agriculture, and human populations.
- Characterized by:
- Reduced soil moisture
- Declining water levels in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs
- Increased evaporation and transpiration
- Heat stress on vegetation and animals

Desertification

- The degradation of land in dry and semi-arid regions, resulting in a loss of biological productivity and the expansion of desert-like conditions.
- Caused by a combination of factors, including:
- Climate change (droughts, increased temperatures)
- Overgrazing and unsustainable land use practices
- Deforestation and loss of vegetation cover
- Soil erosion and salinization
- Key indicators:
- Reduced plant cover and increased bare ground
- Loss of soil fertility
- Altered water availability and soil moisture regimes
- Increased dust and sand storms