- Holism: Individuals are interconnected and inseparable from their community and environment. - Dynamism: The world is constantly changing and evolving. - Spirituality: The presence and influence of divine beings, ancestors, and spirits. - Vital force: A life-giving energy that animates all living things.
Epistemology:
- Oral tradition: Knowledge is passed down through stories, legends, and proverbs. - Experiential learning: Knowledge is gained through practical and sensory experiences. - Ancestral wisdom: Guidance and advice from past generations is highly valued. - Divination: Methods are used to seek guidance or knowledge from supernatural sources.
Axiology:
- Harmony: Maintaining balance and harmony within relationships and the environment is essential. - Ubuntu: Humanity and empathy towards others are central to a fulfilling life. - Collectivism: The community and its well-being are prioritized over individual interests. - Respect: For authority, elders, ancestors, and all beings is emphasized.
Aesthetic Values:
- Oral storytelling: Storytelling is an art form and an important cultural tradition. - Music and dance: Expression through rhythm, melody, and movement is highly valued. - Visual arts: Sculpture, painting, and textiles often depict religious, social, and historical themes.
Social Structure:
- Extended family: Families extend beyond nuclear relatives to include cousins, aunts, uncles, etc. - Lineage: Individuals are connected to their family and community through their ancestry. - Community elders: Respected individuals who provide guidance and wisdom. - Gender roles: Specific roles and responsibilities are often assigned based on gender.
Political Systems:
- Chieftainship: Traditional forms of leadership based on ancestral authority and divine mandate. - Consensus building: Decisions are often made through dialogue and consensus within the community. - Consultation with ancestors and spirits: Guidance is often sought from spiritual sources in decision-making. - Impersonation of ancestors: Some societies use ritual impersonation to connect with and receive guidance from deceased ancestors.