Individual Factors:
- Poverty and inequality: Lack of resources, income disparities, and unequal access to opportunities.
- Discrimination and prejudice: Negative attitudes and behaviors based on race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or other characteristics.
- Social isolation and exclusion: Exclusion from mainstream society, lack of social supports, and feelings of loneliness.
- Mental health and addiction: Conditions that can affect an individual's ability to participate fully in society.
- Mass incarceration: Over-policing and incarceration rates that disproportionately impact marginalized communities.
Societal Factors:
- Institutional racism and oppression: Systemic discrimination embedded in institutions such as education, criminal justice, and healthcare.
- Structural inequality: Laws, policies, and social structures that create and perpetuate disparities based on race, class, gender, and other factors.
- Economic exploitation: Unfair labor practices, low wages, and lack of access to decent work.
- Environmental degradation: Climate change, pollution, and resource depletion that disproportionately impact marginalized communities.
- Political disenfranchisement: Lack of access to voting, gerrymandering, and voter suppression that undermine the voices of marginalized groups.
Historical Factors:
- Slavery, colonialism, and genocide: Historical injustices that have created lasting social and economic disparities.
- Racial segregation and discrimination: Policies and practices that have segregated communities and created unequal opportunities for people of color.
- Gender inequality: Systemic patriarchy that has limited women's rights and opportunities.
- LGBTQ+ discrimination: Laws and social attitudes that have marginalized and criminalized LGBTQ+ people.
- Ableism: Discrimination and barriers faced by people with disabilities.
International Factors:
- Global inequality: Disparities in wealth, health, and education between countries of the Global North and Global South.
- Forced migration and displacement: Conflicts, climate change, and economic hardship that force people to flee their homes and live in precarious conditions.
- Labor exploitation in supply chains: Unfair labor practices and low wages in businesses that source products from developing countries.
- Access to essential services: Lack of access to healthcare, education, and clean water in marginalized communities around the world.
- Climate change: Disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities and populations who have contributed the least to greenhouse gas emissions.